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effective steps

  • 1 effective steps

    1) Общая лексика: действенные меры
    2) Дипломатический термин: действенные шаги

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > effective steps

  • 2 effective steps

    Англо-русский дипломатический словарь > effective steps

  • 3 effective steps

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > effective steps

  • 4 effective steps

    திறமான நடவடிக்ககள் செயற்படிகள்

    English-Tamil dictionary > effective steps

  • 5 effective steps towards peace

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > effective steps towards peace

  • 6 effective

    1. n воен. боец
    2. n воен. численный состав, эффективы
    3. n воен. боевой состав
    4. a действительный; действенный; эффективный; успешный; полезный

    effective steps towards peace — эффективные шаги, направленные на укрепление мира

    effective range — эффективная дальность; дальность действительного огня

    effective bursting radius — радиус поражения осколками; убойный радиус

    5. a действующий, имеющий силу

    effective order — приказ, вступивший в силу

    6. a эффектный, впечатляющий

    effective speaker — оратор, владеющий аудиторией

    7. a фактический
    8. a имеющий хождение
    9. a лингв. завершительный, результативный, эффективный
    10. a тех. полезный, рабочий
    Синонимический ряд:
    1. effectual (adj.) capable; competent; constructive; effectual; efficacious; efficient; energetic; high-performance; lively; potent; practical; productive; proficient; sufficient; telling; useful; virtuous
    2. in force (adj.) active; current; in force; operative; prevailing; sovereign; standing
    3. strong (adj.) convincing; dynamic; forceful; impressive; powerful; strong; vigorous
    Антонимический ряд:
    futile; inactive; inadequate; incapable; incompetent; ineffective; ineffectual; inefficient; inoperative; nugatory; useless; weak

    English-Russian base dictionary > effective

  • 7 effective

    1. [ıʹfektıv] n воен.
    1. 1) боец
    2) pl численный состав (армии), эффективы
    2. pl боевой состав
    2. [ıʹfektıv] a
    1. действительный; действенный; эффективный; успешный; полезный

    effective steps towards peace - эффективные шаги, направленные на укрепление мира

    to be effective against smth. - помогать против чего-л.

    effective beaten zone - воен. полоса действительного поражения

    effective range - воен. эффективная дальность; дальность действительного огня

    effective bursting radius - воен. радиус поражения осколками; убойный радиус

    effective depth - воен. глубина поражения

    effective fire - воен. действительный огонь

    effective dust - спец. сильнодействующий инсектицид; дуст

    2. действующий, имеющий силу (о законе и т. п.)

    to be /to become/ effective - вступать в силу

    3. эффектный, впечатляющий

    effective speaker - оратор, владеющий аудиторией

    effective picture - эффектная /впечатляющая/ картина

    4. фактический

    effective rate - фин. фактическая ставка (налогового обложения)

    effective demand - эк. фактический /платёжеспособный/ спрос

    effective forces - воен. наличный боевой состав; кадровые войска

    5. имеющий хождение ( о деньгах)
    6. лингв. завершительный, результативный, эффективный
    7. тех. полезный, рабочий (об объёме и т. п.)

    effective area - а) рабочая поверхность; б) полезная площадь сечения

    effective head - гидр. полезный напор

    effective resistance - эл. эффективное сопротивление

    effective cough - кашель с мокротой

    НБАРС > effective

  • 8 effective

    a
    1) действенный; эффективный; полезный, успешный
    2) действующий, имеющей силу (о законе, соглашении и т.п.)
    3) имеющий хождение (о деньгах)

    English-russian dctionary of diplomacy > effective

  • 9 effective

    adj
    1. дієвий; ефективний; успішний; корисний
    2. діючий; той, що має силу (про закон тощо)
    - effective cooperation плідна співпраця
    - effective jurisdiction діюча влада
    - effective pressure діючий тиск/ вплив
    - to be effective мати силу
    - to become effective вступити в силу (про закон, резолюцію тощо)

    English-Ukrainian diplomatic dictionary > effective

  • 10 effective

    ɪˈfektɪv
    1. прил.
    1) действенный, результативный, эффективный (against, in) the first effective shot ≈ первый результативный выстрел Fewer men, better trained and disciplined, could be made more effective. ≈ Меньшее количество людей, но лучше обученных и более дисциплинированных, могли бы достичь гораздо лучшего результата. Syn: efficient, effectual
    2) действующий, имеющий силу( о законе и т. п.) The tax becomes effective next year. ≈ Налог вступит в силу в следующем году. Syn: effectual
    3) эффектный, броский, поражающий a gold lame fabric studded with effective precious stones ≈ золотая пластинка с впечатляющими драгоценными камнями Syn: impressive, striking
    4) годный, готовый к действию (преим. о солдатах или моряках) effective manpower ≈ готовая к работе людская сила
    5) фактический the need to increase effective demand for goods ≈ необходимость повышения платежеспособного спроса на товары Syn: actual, de facto Ant: potential
    2., nominal
    6) имеющий хождение( о денежных знаках) effective moneyналичные деньги
    7) линг. эффективный (о глаголе - представляющий действие в его пределе или результате)
    8) рабочий, полезныймощности, объеме, площади и т. п.)
    2. гл.
    1) осуществлять, совершать, выполнять (обычно подразумевается преодоление каких-л. препятствий) The most skilful chemists have hitherto failed to effect such decomposition. ≈ Даже наиболее одаренным химикам не удавалось до сих пор произвести такое разложение. I'll cross the Sea to effect this marriage. ≈ Чтобы заключить этот брак, я переплыву море( Шекспир, "Генрих VI", часть 3, акт 2, сцена
    4) The earliest purchases are effected in immediate proximity to the mines. ≈ Наиболее ранние закупки производятся в непосредственной близости от шахт. effective an insurance policy effective payment Syn: bring about, accomplish
    2) а) делать, изготовлять, производить б) редк. архаич. строить The Lighthouse happily effected by Mr. Rudyerd. ≈ Маяк, успешно возведенный мистером Редьярдом. ∙ Syn: cause, produce, realize, fulfil, carry out Ant: destroy, deter, hinder, prevent, stop ( военное) боец( военное) pl численный состав( армии), эффективы (военное) pl боевой состав действительнный;
    действенный;
    эффективный;
    успешный;
    полезный - * co-operation плодотворное сотрудничество - * measures действенные меры - * control эффективный контроль - * steps towards peace эффективные шаги, направленные на укрепление мира - to be * against smth помогать против чего-л - * beaten zone (военное) полоса действительного поражения - * range( военное) эффективная дальность;
    дальность действительного огня - * bursting radius( военное) радиус поражения осколками;
    убойный радиус - * fire (военное) действительный огонь - * dust (специальное) сильнодействующий инсектицид;
    дуст действующий, имеющий силу (о законе и т. п.) - * data дата вступления в силу - to be /to become/ * вступать в силу эффектный, впечатляющий - * speaker оратор, владеющий аудиторией - * picture эффектная /впечатляющая/ картина фактический - * revenue реальный доход - * rate (финансовое) фактическая ставка( налогового обложения) - * demand (экономика) фактический /платежеспособный/ спрос - * forces( военное) наличный боевой состав;
    кадровые войска имеющий хождениеденьгах) - * coin звонкая монета - * money наличные деньги завершительный, результативный, эффективный (техническое) полезный, рабочий (об объеме и т. п.) - * area рабочая поверхность;
    полезная площадь сечения - * power эффективная мощность( двигателя) - * head (гидрология) полезный напор - * resistance (электротехника) эффективное сопротивление > * cough кашель с мокротой be ~ иметь силу ~ действующий, имеющий силу (о законе и т. п.) ;
    to become effective входить в силу;
    effective from 22 hours, December 31 вступающий в силу с десяти часов вечера 31 декабря become ~ вступать в силу effective pl боевой состав ~ полезный;
    effective area рабочая поверхность( площади) ;
    effective head гидр. полезный напор ~ действительный, эффективный, результативный;
    effective demand эк. платежеспособный спрос ~ воен. годный;
    (полностью) готовый к действию;
    действующий;
    эффективный;
    effective range дальность действительного огня;
    effective fire действительный огонь ~ действующий, имеющий силу (о законе и т. п.) ;
    to become effective входить в силу;
    effective from 22 hours, December 31 вступающий в силу с десяти часов вечера 31 декабря ~ полезный;
    effective area рабочая поверхность (площади) ;
    effective head гидр. полезный напор ~ воен. боец ~ вступивший в силу ~ воен. годный;
    (полностью) готовый к действию;
    действующий;
    эффективный;
    effective range дальность действительного огня;
    effective fire действительный огонь ~ действенный, эффективный ~ действенный ~ действительный, эффективный, результативный;
    effective demand эк. платежеспособный спрос ~ действующий, имеющий силу (о законе и т. п.) ;
    to become effective входить в силу;
    effective from 22 hours, December 31 вступающий в силу с десяти часов вечера 31 декабря ~ действующий, имеющий силу ~ действующий ~ законный ~ имеющий силу ~ имеющий хождение (о денежных знаках) ~ имеющий хождение (о деньгах) ~ имеющий хождение ~ полезный;
    effective area рабочая поверхность (площади) ;
    effective head гидр. полезный напор ~ полезный ~ фактический ~ эффективный ~ эффектный, впечатляющий ~ эффектный;
    производящий впечатление, впечатляющий ~ date of payment фактическая дата платежа ~ exchange rate вал.-фин. действующий валютный курс ~ intervention rate бирж. частота вмешательства для поддержания курса ~ introductory yield реальный начальный доход по ценным бумагам ~ maturity match бирж. эффективное совпадение по срокам ~ rate of interest реальная процентная ставка ~ tax rate фактическая налоговая ставка ~ until the end of the month действителен только до конца текущего месяца ~ yield on issue фактический доход от выпуска ценных бумаг ~ воен. годный;
    (полностью) готовый к действию;
    действующий;
    эффективный;
    effective range дальность действительного огня;
    effective fire действительный огонь legally ~ законно действующий legally ~ имеющий силу закона

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > effective

  • 11 effective measures / steps

    திறமான / பயனுள்ள நடவடிக்கைகள் / செய்படிகள்

    English-Tamil dictionary > effective measures / steps

  • 12 step

    1. n
    этап; фаза; шаг; ступень; мера; поступок; действие

    to follow in smb's steps — следовать чьему-л. примеру

    to go up the stepsбрит. полиц. жарг. "отправиться вверх по лестнице", пойти под суд (в Лондонском центральном уголовном суде ведут из камер вверх к скамье подсудимых)

    to initiate steps — предпринимать шаги / меры

    to make steps — осуществлять меры; делать шаги в каком-л. направлении

    to make a false step — делать ложный шаг, совершать ошибку

    to remain out of step with other countries — продолжать занимать позицию, отличающуюся от позиции других стран

    to take steps — предпринимать меры / шаги

    - appropriate step
    - as a first step
    - cautious step
    - cosmetic step
    - decisive step
    - effective step
    - essential step
    - false step
    - fatal step
    - healthy step
    - hesitating step
    - important step
    - initial step
    - interim step
    - limited step
    - major step
    - positive step
    - practical step
    - resolute step
    - retrograde step
    - significant step
    - step backwards
    - step forward
    - step in the right direction
    - step towards ending the conflict
    - thoughtless step
    - transitional step
    - two steps forward, one step back
    2. v

    to step backward in one's development — делать шаг назад в своем развитии

    to step down — отказываться от своего поста / власти; отрекаться от престола; уходить в отставку

    to step down in favor of smb — уходить в отставку, уступив свой пост кому-л.

    to step into smb's shoes — занимать чей-л. пост

    to step up — расширять, увеличивать; усиливать, ускорять

    to urge smb to step down — требовать от кого-л. уйти в отставку

    Politics english-russian dictionary > step

  • 13 take

    (to take or keep (someone) as a hostage: The police were unable to attack the terrorists because they were holding three people hostage.) tomar/coger a alguien como rehén
    take vb
    1. coger
    take your umbrella, it's raining coge el paraguas, que está lloviendo
    2. llevar
    could you take this to the post office? ¿podrías llevar esto a la oficina de correos?
    3. llevarse
    someone's taken my bicycle! ¡alguien se ha llevado mi bicicleta!
    4. tomar
    5. llevar / tardar / durar
    to take place tener lugar / ocurrir
    tr[teɪk]
    1 SMALLCINEMA/SMALL toma
    transitive verb (pt took tr[tʊk], pp taken tr['teɪkən])
    1 (carry, bring) llevar
    take your umbrella, it might rain lleva el paraguas, puede que llueva
    2 (drive, escort) llevar
    shall I take you to the station? ¿quieres que te lleve a la estación?
    3 (remove) llevarse, quitar, coger
    who's taken my pencil? ¿quién ha cogido mi lápiz?
    4 (hold, grasp) tomar, coger
    do you want me to take your suitcase? ¿quieres que te coja la maleta?
    5 (accept - money etc) aceptar, coger; (- criticism, advice, responsibility) aceptar, asumir; (- patients, clients) aceptar
    do you take cheques? ¿aceptáis cheques?
    6 (win prize, competition) ganar; (earn) ganar, hacer
    how much have we taken today? ¿cuánto hemos hecho hoy de caja?
    7 (medicine, drugs) tomar
    have you ever taken drugs? ¿has tomado drogas alguna vez?
    do you take sugar? ¿te pones azúcar?
    8 (subject) estudiar; (course of study) seguir, cursar
    9 (teach) dar clase a
    10 (bus, train, etc) tomar, coger
    11 (capture) tomar, capturar; (in board games) comer
    12 (time) tardar, llevar
    how long does it take to get to Madrid? ¿cuánto se tarda en llegar a Madrid?
    13 (hold, contain) tener cabida, acoger
    how many people does your car take? ¿cuántas personas caben en tu coche?
    14 (size of clothes) usar, gastar; (size of shoes) calzar
    what size do you take? ¿qué talla usas?, ¿cuál es tu talla?
    what size shoe does he take? ¿qué número calza?
    15 (measurement, temperature, etc) tomar; (write down) anotar
    16 (need, require) requerir, necesitar
    17 (buy) quedarse con, llevar(se)
    18 (bear) aguantar, soportar
    19 (react) tomarse; (interpret) interpretar
    she took it the wrong way lo interpretó mal, se lo tomó a mal
    20 (perform, adopt) tomar, adoptar; (exercise) hacer
    she takes the view that... opina que...
    21 (have) tomar(se)
    22 (suppose) suponer
    I take it that... supongo que...
    23 (consider) considerar, mirar
    24 SMALLLINGUISTICS/SMALL regir
    25 (rent) alquilar
    1 (work - dye) coger; (- fire) prender; (- cutting) prender; (- seed) germinar
    2 (fish) picar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    not to take no for an answer no aceptar una respuesta negativa
    take it from me escucha lo que te digo
    take it or leave it lo tomas o lo dejas
    to be hard to take ser difícil de aceptar
    to be on the take dejarse sobornar
    to have what it takes tener lo que hace falta
    to take five descansar cinco minutos
    to take it out of somebody dejar a uno sin ganas de nada
    to take somebody out of himself hacer que alguien se olvide de sus propias penas
    to take something as read dar algo por sentado,-a
    take ['teɪk] v, took ['tʊk] ; taken ['teɪkə n] ; taking vt
    1) capture: capturar, apresar
    2) grasp: tomar, agarrar
    to take the bull by the horns: tomar al toro por los cuernos
    3) catch: tomar, agarrar
    taken by surprise: tomado por sorpresa
    4) captivate: encantar, fascinar
    5) ingest: tomar, ingerir
    take two pills: tome dos píldoras
    6) remove: sacar, extraer
    take an orange: saca una naranja
    7) : tomar, coger (un tren, un autobús, etc.)
    8) need, require: tomar, requirir
    these things take time: estas cosas toman tiempo
    9) bring, carry: llevar, sacar, cargar
    take them with you: llévalos contigo
    take the trash out: saca la basura
    10) bear, endure: soportar, aguantar (dolores, etc.)
    11) accept: aceptar (un cheque, etc.), seguir (consejos), asumir (la responsabilidad)
    12) suppose: suponer
    I take it that...: supongo que...
    to take a walk: dar un paseo
    to take a class: tomar una clase
    to take place happen: tener lugar, suceder, ocurrir
    take vi
    : agarrar (dícese de un tinte), prender (dícese de una vacuna)
    take n
    1) proceeds: recaudación f, ingresos mpl, ganancias fpl
    2) : toma f (de un rodaje o una grabación)
    n.
    taquilla s.f.
    toma (Film) s.f.
    toma s.f. (time)
    expr.
    tardar expr.
    v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: took, taken) = aceptar v.
    asir v.
    calzar v.
    cautivar v.
    coger v.
    ganar v.
    llevar v.
    quedarse con v.
    tener v.
    (§pres: tengo, tienes...tenemos) pret: tuv-
    fut/c: tendr-•)
    tomar v.

    I
    1. teɪk
    1) (past took; past p taken) transitive verb
    2) (carry, lead, drive) llevar

    shall I take the chairs inside/upstairs? — ¿llevo las sillas adentro/arriba?, ¿meto/subo las sillas?

    I'll take you up/down to the third floor — subo/bajo contigo al tercer piso, te llevo al tercer piso

    to take the dog (out) for a walk — sacar* el perro a pasear

    this path takes you to the main roadeste camino lleva or por este camino se llega a la carretera

    3)
    a) \<\<train/plane/bus/taxi\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp)

    are you taking the car? — ¿vas a ir en coche?

    we took the elevator (AmE) o (BrE) lift to the restaurant — tomamos or (esp Esp) cogimos el ascensor para subir/bajar al restaurante

    b) \<\<road/turning\>\> tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    c) \<\<bend\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp); \<\<fence\>\> saltar
    4)
    a) (grasp, seize) tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)

    he took her by the handla tomó or (esp AmL) la agarró or (esp Esp) la cogió de la mano

    may I take your coat? — ¿me permite el abrigo?

    would you mind taking the baby for a moment? — ¿me tienes al niño un momento?

    c) ( occupy)

    take a seat — siéntese, tome asiento (frml)

    5) (remove, steal) llevarse
    6) ( catch)

    he was taken completely unawareslo agarró or (esp Esp) lo cogió completamente desprevenido

    to be taken ill — caer* enfermo

    7)
    a) ( capture) \<\<town/fortress/position\>\> tomar; \<\<pawn/piece\>\> comer
    b) ( win) \<\<prize/title\>\> llevarse, hacerse* con; \<\<game/set\>\> ganar
    c) ( receive as profit) hacer*, sacar*
    8) \<\<medicine/drugs\>\> tomar

    have you taken your tablets? — ¿te has tomado las pastillas?

    9)
    a) (buy, order) llevar(se)

    I'll take 12 ouncesdéme or (Esp tb) póngame 12 onzas

    b) ( buy regularly) comprar

    we take The Globenosotros compramos or leemos The Globe

    c) ( rent) \<\<cottage/apartment\>\> alquilar, coger* (Esp)
    10)
    a) ( acquire) \<\<lover\>\> buscarse*

    to take a wife/husband — casarse

    b) ( sexually) (liter) \<\<woman\>\> poseer*
    11) ( of time) \<\<job/task\>\> llevar; \<\<process\>\> tardar; \<\<person\>\> tardar, demorar(se) (AmL)

    it took longer than expectedllevó or tomó más tiempo de lo que se creía

    the letter took a week to arrivela carta tardó or (AmL tb) se demoró una semana en llegar

    12) ( need)

    it takes courage to do a thing like thathay que tener or hace falta or se necesita valor para hacer algo así

    to have (got) what it takes — (colloq) tener* lo que hay que tener or lo que hace falta

    13)
    a) ( wear)

    what size shoes do you take? — ¿qué número calzas?

    she takes a 14usa la talla or (RPl) el talle 14

    b) ( Auto)
    c) ( Ling) construirse* con, regir*
    14) ( accept) \<\<money/bribes/job\>\> aceptar

    do you take checks? — ¿aceptan cheques?

    take it or leave it — (set phrase) lo tomas o lo dejas

    take that, you scoundrel! — (dated) toma, canalla!

    15)
    a) (hold, accommodate)

    the tank takes/will take 42 liters — el tanque tiene una capacidad de 42 litros

    b) (admit, receive) \<\<patients/pupils\>\> admitir, tomar, coger* (Esp)

    we don't take telephone reservations o (BrE) bookings — no aceptamos reservas por teléfono

    16)
    a) (withstand, suffer) \<\<strain/weight\>\> aguantar; \<\<beating/blow\>\> recibir
    b) (tolerate, endure) aguantar

    I can't take it any longer! — no puedo más!, ya no aguanto más!

    he can't take a jokeno sabe aceptar or no se le puede hacer una broma

    c) ( bear)

    how is he taking it? — ¿qué tal lo lleva?

    she's taken it very badly/well — lo lleva muy mal/bien; see also heart 2), 3)

    17)
    a) (understand, interpret) tomarse

    she took it the wrong way — se lo tomó a mal, lo interpretó mal

    to take something as read/understood — dar* algo por hecho/entendido

    I take it that you didn't like him much — por lo que veo no te cayó muy bien; see also take for

    b) ( consider) (in imperative) mirar

    take Japan, for example — mira el caso del Japón, por ejemplo

    18)
    a) \<\<steps/measures\>\> tomar; \<\<exercise\>\> hacer*

    to take a walk/a step forward — dar* un paseo/un paso adelante

    b) (supervise, deal with)

    would you take that call, please? — ¿puede atender esa llamada por favor?

    19) ( Educ)
    a) ( teach) (BrE) darle* clase a
    b) ( learn) \<\<subject\>\> estudiar, hacer*; \<\<course\>\> hacer*

    to take an exam — hacer* or dar* or (CS) rendir* or (Méx) tomar un examen, examinarse (Esp)

    20)
    a) ( record) tomar

    we took regular readingstomamos nota de la temperatura (or presión etc) a intervalos regulares

    b) ( write down) \<\<notes\>\> tomar
    21) ( adopt)

    he takes the view that... — opina que..., es de la opinión de que...

    she took an instant dislike to him — le tomó antipatía inmediatamente; see also liking a), offense 2) b), shape I 1) a)


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) \<\<seed\>\> germinar; \<\<cutting\>\> prender
    b) \<\<dye\>\> agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    2) ( receive) recibir

    all you do is take, take, take — no piensas más que en ti

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( Cin) toma f
    2)
    a) ( earnings) ingresos mpl, recaudación f
    b) ( share) parte f; ( commission) comisión f
    [teɪk] (vb: pt took) (pp taken)
    1. VT
    1) (=remove) llevarse; (=steal) robar, llevarse

    who took my beer? — ¿quién se ha llevado mi cerveza?

    someone's taken my handbag — alguien se ha llevado mi bolso, alguien me ha robado el bolso

    I picked up the letter but he took it from me — cogí la carta pero él me la quitó

    2) (=take hold of, seize) tomar, coger, agarrar (LAm)

    let me take your case/coat — permíteme tu maleta/abrigo

    I'll take the blue one, please — me llevaré el azul

    to take sb's armtomar del brazo a algn

    the devil take it! — ¡maldición!

    take five! * — ¡hagan una pausa!, ¡descansen un rato!

    take your partners for a waltz — saquen a su pareja a bailar un vals

    to take sb into partnershiptomar a algn como socio

    please take a seat — tome asiento, por favor

    is this seat taken? — ¿está ocupado este asiento?

    it took me by surprise — me cogió desprevenido, me pilló or agarró desprevenido (LAm)

    take ten!(US) * ¡hagan una pausa!, ¡descansen un rato!

    to take a wife casarse, contraer matrimonio

    3) (=lead, transport) llevar

    we took her to the doctorla llevamos al médico

    he took me home in his car — me llevó a casa en su coche

    they took me over the factory — me mostraron la fábrica, me acompañaron en una visita a la fábrica

    he took his suitcase upstairssubió su maleta

    to take sb for a walkllevar a algn de paseo

    it took us out of our waynos hizo desviarnos

    4) [+ bus, taxi] (=travel by) ir en; (at specified time) coger, tomar (esp LAm); [+ road, short cut] ir por

    we took the five o'clock traincogimos or tomamos el tren de las cinco

    take the first on the rightvaya por or tome la primera calle a la derecha

    5) (=capture) [+ person] coger, agarrar (LAm); [+ town, city] tomar; (Chess) comer

    to take sb hostagetomar or (LAm) agarrar a algn como rehén

    to take sb prisonertomar preso a algn

    6) (=obtain, win) [+ prize] ganar, llevarse; [+ 1st place] conseguir, obtener; [+ trick] ganar, hacer

    we took £500 today — (Brit) (Comm) hoy hemos ganado 500 libras

    7) (=accept, receive) [+ money] aceptar; [+ advice] seguir; [+ news, blow] tomar, recibir; [+ responsibility] asumir; [+ bet] aceptar, hacer

    take my advice, tell her the truth — sigue mi consejo or hazme caso y dile la verdad

    what will you take for it? — ¿cuál es tu mejor precio?

    he took it badlyle afectó mucho

    London took a battering in 1941 — Londres recibió una paliza en 1941, Londres sufrió terriblemente en 1941

    will you take a cheque? — ¿aceptaría un cheque?

    he can certainly take his drinktiene buen aguante para la bebida

    you must take us as you find us — nos vas a tener que aceptar tal cual

    take it from me! — ¡escucha lo que te digo!

    you can take it from me that... — puedes tener la seguridad de que...

    losing is hard to take — es difícil aceptar la derrota

    it's £50, take it or leave it! — son 50 libras, lo toma o lo deja

    whisky? I can take it or leave it — ¿el whisky? ni me va ni me viene

    I won't take no for an answer — no hay pero que valga

    I take your pointentiendo lo que dices

    he took a lot of punishment — (fig) le dieron muy duro

    take that! — ¡toma!

    8) (=rent) alquilar, tomar; (=buy regularly) [+ newspaper] comprar, leer
    9) (=have room or capacity for) tener cabida para; (=support weight of) aguantar

    can you take two more? — ¿puedes llevar dos más?, ¿caben otros dos?

    10) (=wear) [+ clothes size] gastar, usar (LAm); [+ shoe size] calzar

    what size do you take? (clothes) ¿qué talla usas?; (shoes) ¿qué número calzas?

    11) (=call for, require) necesitar, requerir

    it takes a lot of courageexige or requiere gran valor

    that will take some explaininga ver cómo explicas eso

    it takes two to make a quarrel — uno solo no puede reñir

    she's got what it takes — tiene lo que hace falta

    I'll just iron this, it won't take long — voy a planchar esto, no tardaré or no me llevará mucho tiempo

    it takes timelleva tiempo

    take your time! — ¡despacio!

    13) (=conduct) [+ meeting, church service] presidir; (=teach) [+ course, class] enseñar; [+ pupils] tomar; (=study) [+ course] hacer; [+ subject] dar, estudiar; (=undergo) [+ exam, test] presentarse a, pasar

    what are you taking next year? — ¿qué vas a hacer or estudiar el año que viene?

    to take a degree in — licenciarse en

    to take (holy) ordersordenarse de sacerdote

    14) (=record) [+ sb's name, address] anotar, apuntar; [+ measurements] tomar
    15) (=understand, assume)

    I take it that... — supongo que..., me imagino que...

    am I to take it that you refused? — ¿he de suponer que te negaste?

    how old do you take him to be? — ¿cuántos años le das?

    I took him for a doctor — lo tenía por médico, creí que era médico

    what do you take me for? — ¿por quién me has tomado?

    I don't quite know how to take that — no sé muy bien cómo tomarme eso

    16) (=consider) [+ case, example] tomar

    now take Ireland, for example — tomemos, por ejemplo, el caso de Irlanda, pongamos como ejemplo Irlanda

    take John, he never complains — por ejemplo John, él nunca se queja

    taking one thing with another... — considerándolo todo junto..., considerándolo en conjunto...

    17) (=put up with, endure) [+ treatment, climate] aguantar, soportar

    we can take itlo aguantamos or soportamos todo

    I can't take any more! — ¡no aguanto más!, ¡no soporto más!

    I won't take any nonsense! — ¡no quiero oír más tonterías!

    18) (=eat) comer; (=drink) tomar

    will you take sth before you go? — ¿quieres tomar algo antes de irte?

    to take drugs (narcotics) tomar drogas

    he took no food for four days — estuvo cuatro días sin comer

    don't forget to take your medicineno te olvides de tomar la medicina

    he takes sugar in his tea — toma or pone azúcar en el té

    to take a tablettomar una pastilla

    to take tea (with sb) — tomar té (con algn)

    19) (=negotiate) [+ bend] tomar; [+ fence] saltar, saltar por encima de
    20) (=acquire)

    to take against sb, take a dislike to sb — tomar antipatía a algn

    to take frightasustarse (at de)

    to be taken ill — ponerse enfermo, enfermar

    he took great pleasure in teasing her — se regodeaba tomándole el pelo

    I do not take any satisfaction in knowing that... — no experimento satisfacción alguna sabiendo que...

    21) (Ling) [+ case] regir
    22)

    to be taken with sth/sb (=attracted)

    23) liter (=have sexual intercourse with) tener relaciones sexuales con
    24) (as function verb) [+ decision, holiday] tomar; [+ step, walk] dar; [+ trip] hacer; [+ opportunity] aprovechar

    to take a bathbañarse

    2. VI
    1) (=be effective) [dye] coger, agarrar (LAm); [vaccination, fire] prender; [glue] pegar
    2) (Bot) [cutting] arraigar
    3) (=receive)

    she's all take, take, take — ella mucho dame, dame, pero luego no da nada

    give
    3. N
    1) (Cine) toma f
    2) (=takings) ingresos mpl ; (=proceeds) recaudación f ; (US) (Comm) caja f, ventas fpl del día
    3)
    - be on the take
    4) (=share) parte f ; (=commission) comisión f, tajada * f
    5) * (=opinion) opinión f

    what's your take on the new government? — ¿qué piensas de or qué opinión te merece el nuevo gobierno?

    TAKE Both t ardar and llevar can be used to translate take with {time}. ► Use tar dar (en + ((infinitive))) to describe how long someone or something will take to do something. The subject of tardar is the person or thing that has to complete the activity or undergo the process:
    How long do letters take to get to Spain? ¿Cuánto (tiempo) tardan las cartas en llegar a España?
    How much longer will it take you to do it? ¿Cuánto más vas a tardar en hacerlo?
    It'll take us three hours to get to Douglas if we walk Tardaremos tres horas en llegar a Douglas si vamos andando ► Use lle var to describe how long an activity, task or process takes to complete. The subject of llevar is the activity or task:
    The tests will take at least a month Las pruebas llevarán por lo menos un mes
    How long will it take? ¿Cuánto tiempo llevará? ► Compare the different focus in the alternative translations of the following example:
    It'll take me two more days to finish this job Me llevará dos días más terminar este trabajo, Tardaré dos días más en terminar este trabajo For further uses and examples, see main entry
    * * *

    I
    1. [teɪk]
    1) (past took; past p taken) transitive verb
    2) (carry, lead, drive) llevar

    shall I take the chairs inside/upstairs? — ¿llevo las sillas adentro/arriba?, ¿meto/subo las sillas?

    I'll take you up/down to the third floor — subo/bajo contigo al tercer piso, te llevo al tercer piso

    to take the dog (out) for a walk — sacar* el perro a pasear

    this path takes you to the main roadeste camino lleva or por este camino se llega a la carretera

    3)
    a) \<\<train/plane/bus/taxi\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp)

    are you taking the car? — ¿vas a ir en coche?

    we took the elevator (AmE) o (BrE) lift to the restaurant — tomamos or (esp Esp) cogimos el ascensor para subir/bajar al restaurante

    b) \<\<road/turning\>\> tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    c) \<\<bend\>\> tomar, coger* (esp Esp); \<\<fence\>\> saltar
    4)
    a) (grasp, seize) tomar, agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)

    he took her by the handla tomó or (esp AmL) la agarró or (esp Esp) la cogió de la mano

    may I take your coat? — ¿me permite el abrigo?

    would you mind taking the baby for a moment? — ¿me tienes al niño un momento?

    c) ( occupy)

    take a seat — siéntese, tome asiento (frml)

    5) (remove, steal) llevarse
    6) ( catch)

    he was taken completely unawareslo agarró or (esp Esp) lo cogió completamente desprevenido

    to be taken ill — caer* enfermo

    7)
    a) ( capture) \<\<town/fortress/position\>\> tomar; \<\<pawn/piece\>\> comer
    b) ( win) \<\<prize/title\>\> llevarse, hacerse* con; \<\<game/set\>\> ganar
    c) ( receive as profit) hacer*, sacar*
    8) \<\<medicine/drugs\>\> tomar

    have you taken your tablets? — ¿te has tomado las pastillas?

    9)
    a) (buy, order) llevar(se)

    I'll take 12 ouncesdéme or (Esp tb) póngame 12 onzas

    b) ( buy regularly) comprar

    we take The Globenosotros compramos or leemos The Globe

    c) ( rent) \<\<cottage/apartment\>\> alquilar, coger* (Esp)
    10)
    a) ( acquire) \<\<lover\>\> buscarse*

    to take a wife/husband — casarse

    b) ( sexually) (liter) \<\<woman\>\> poseer*
    11) ( of time) \<\<job/task\>\> llevar; \<\<process\>\> tardar; \<\<person\>\> tardar, demorar(se) (AmL)

    it took longer than expectedllevó or tomó más tiempo de lo que se creía

    the letter took a week to arrivela carta tardó or (AmL tb) se demoró una semana en llegar

    12) ( need)

    it takes courage to do a thing like thathay que tener or hace falta or se necesita valor para hacer algo así

    to have (got) what it takes — (colloq) tener* lo que hay que tener or lo que hace falta

    13)
    a) ( wear)

    what size shoes do you take? — ¿qué número calzas?

    she takes a 14usa la talla or (RPl) el talle 14

    b) ( Auto)
    c) ( Ling) construirse* con, regir*
    14) ( accept) \<\<money/bribes/job\>\> aceptar

    do you take checks? — ¿aceptan cheques?

    take it or leave it — (set phrase) lo tomas o lo dejas

    take that, you scoundrel! — (dated) toma, canalla!

    15)
    a) (hold, accommodate)

    the tank takes/will take 42 liters — el tanque tiene una capacidad de 42 litros

    b) (admit, receive) \<\<patients/pupils\>\> admitir, tomar, coger* (Esp)

    we don't take telephone reservations o (BrE) bookings — no aceptamos reservas por teléfono

    16)
    a) (withstand, suffer) \<\<strain/weight\>\> aguantar; \<\<beating/blow\>\> recibir
    b) (tolerate, endure) aguantar

    I can't take it any longer! — no puedo más!, ya no aguanto más!

    he can't take a jokeno sabe aceptar or no se le puede hacer una broma

    c) ( bear)

    how is he taking it? — ¿qué tal lo lleva?

    she's taken it very badly/well — lo lleva muy mal/bien; see also heart 2), 3)

    17)
    a) (understand, interpret) tomarse

    she took it the wrong way — se lo tomó a mal, lo interpretó mal

    to take something as read/understood — dar* algo por hecho/entendido

    I take it that you didn't like him much — por lo que veo no te cayó muy bien; see also take for

    b) ( consider) (in imperative) mirar

    take Japan, for example — mira el caso del Japón, por ejemplo

    18)
    a) \<\<steps/measures\>\> tomar; \<\<exercise\>\> hacer*

    to take a walk/a step forward — dar* un paseo/un paso adelante

    b) (supervise, deal with)

    would you take that call, please? — ¿puede atender esa llamada por favor?

    19) ( Educ)
    a) ( teach) (BrE) darle* clase a
    b) ( learn) \<\<subject\>\> estudiar, hacer*; \<\<course\>\> hacer*

    to take an exam — hacer* or dar* or (CS) rendir* or (Méx) tomar un examen, examinarse (Esp)

    20)
    a) ( record) tomar

    we took regular readingstomamos nota de la temperatura (or presión etc) a intervalos regulares

    b) ( write down) \<\<notes\>\> tomar
    21) ( adopt)

    he takes the view that... — opina que..., es de la opinión de que...

    she took an instant dislike to him — le tomó antipatía inmediatamente; see also liking a), offense 2) b), shape I 1) a)


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) \<\<seed\>\> germinar; \<\<cutting\>\> prender
    b) \<\<dye\>\> agarrar (esp AmL), coger* (esp Esp)
    2) ( receive) recibir

    all you do is take, take, take — no piensas más que en ti

    Phrasal Verbs:

    II
    1) ( Cin) toma f
    2)
    a) ( earnings) ingresos mpl, recaudación f
    b) ( share) parte f; ( commission) comisión f

    English-spanish dictionary > take

  • 14 time

    taɪm
    1. сущ.
    1) а) время in/on one's own time ≈ в свободное время on time амер. ≈ точно, вовремя make time б) обыкн. мн. времена, эпоха before (behind) the times (или one's time) ≈ передовой (отсталый) по взглядам
    2) а) срок to do time разг. ≈ отбывать тюремное заключение serve one's time б) век, жизнь;
    возраст в) рабочее время
    3) а) раз times out of( или without) number ≈ бесчисленное количество раз б) муз. темп, такт keep time в) спорт интервал между раундами (в боксе) г) тайм, период и другие соответствующие название частей цельного матча в различных играх ∙ to sell time амер. ≈ предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату), предоставлять эфирное время (за плату на радио или телевидении) lost time is never found again посл. ≈ потерянного времени не воротишь
    2. гл.
    1) а) удачно выбирать время, приурочивать б) назначать время, рассчитывать( по времени)
    2) спорт показывать такое-то время (на круге, в гонке, заезде и т. п.)
    3) танцевать в такт, играть в такт и т.п. время - absolute * абсолютное время - space and * пространство и время - with *, in (the) course of *, in (the) process of *, as * goes с течением времени;
    по мере того, как идет время;
    в конце концов - from the beginning of * с сотворения мира - to the end of * до скончания века, до конца мира - in the retrospect of * сквозь призму времени /прошлого/ - in the mists of * во мраке времени;
    канувший в Лету - the accumulation of prejudices over * рост предрассудков на протяжении( многих) веков - as old as * старый как мир - to bear the test of * выдерживать испытание временем - * will show время покажет;
    поживем - увидим - * alone could answer the question только время могло дать ответ на этот вопрос - * flies время бежит - * presses /is short/ время не терпит - * hangs heavy on one's hands время медленно тянется - * is precious время дорого - the unity of * (театроведение) единство времени время (мера длительности, система отсчета) - Moscow * московское время - Greenwich * время по Гринвичу, среднеевропейское время - mean * среднее (солнечное) время - astronomical * астрономическое время - ship's * время на борту( корабля) - sidereal * звездное время - daylight-saving /summer/ * летнее время время выполнения( чего-л.) - average * среднее время( выполнения операции) - estimated * расчетное время - real * реальный масштаб времени - countdown * время обратного счета (при запуске ракеты и т. п.) - machine * (компьютерное) машинное время - to sell (machine) * продавать машинное время период времени - a long * длительное время - he was there a long * он пробыл там долго - a long * ago много лет тому назад - after a long * много времени спустя - it took him a long * to do it /in doing it/, he took a long * doing it /over it/ ему потребовалосьнего ушло/ немало времени, чтобы сделать это;
    он немало с этим провозился - what a long * he's taking! как долго он копается!;
    сколько же можно копаться? - some * некоторое время - I didn't see him at the club for some * некоторое время я не встречал его в клубе - all the *, the whole * все( это) время, всегда - they were with us all the * /the whole */ они все время были с нами - all the * we were working в течение всего времени, что мы работали - he does it all the * он всегда /постоянно/ это делает - he's been watching us all the * /the whole */ он не переставая /неотрывно/ следил за нами, он ни на секунду не упускал нас из виду - one * and another одно время;
    время от времени - running * (of a film) (кинематографический) время демонстрации (фильма) - lead * время с начала разработки( оружия) до ввода в боевой состав - reaction * время (остающееся) для пуска ракет (при ядерном ударе) - idle * простой, перерыв в работе;
    свободное время - * of orbiting (астрономия) время обращения искусственного спутника - after a * через некоторое время - at the /that/ * в это /в то/ время - I was ill at the * я тогда болел - I didn't know it at the * тогда я (еще) не знал об этом - at the present * в настоящее время - at this * of (the) day в это время дня - at one * одно время, когда-то - at one * this book was very popular некогда /было время, когда/ эта книга была очень популярна - at no * никогда - for a * на некоторое время, временно;
    некоторое время - for vacation * на время каникул - for the * на это время - for the * being пока, до поры до времени - in * со временем - I think that we may win in * думаю, что со временем нам удастся победить - in a short * в скором времени - in no *, in less than /next to/ no * очень быстро, мигом, в два счета - I'll come back in no * я моментально вернусь;
    я обернусь в два счета - in the same flash of * в то же мгновение, в тот же миг - in two weeks' * через две недели - written in three hours' * написанный за три часа - within the required * в течение требуемого времени - to give smb. * to do smth. /for smth./ дать кому-л. время /срок/ сделать что-л. /для чего-л./ - to give smb. * to turn round дать кому-л. возможность перевести дух, дать кому-л. передышку - the patient has her good * more often now теперь больная чаще чувствует себя хорошо - it is his daily * for rest в это время он ежедневно отдыхает - it takes * это требует времени, это скоро не сделаешь сезон, пора, время - sowing * время /пора/ сева, посевной период, посевная - holiday * время каникул - at this * of the year в это время года - for this * of year на это время года - autumn is a good * of year to be in the country в осеннюю пору хорошо пожить за городом долгое время - he was gone * before you got there он ушел задолго до того, как вы туда явились - what a * it took you! долго же вы возились!;
    неужто нельзя было побыстрее? час, точное время - what *, at what * в какое время, в котором часу;
    когда - to fix /to appoint/ a * назначить время - to show * показывать время (о часах) - to tell * (американизм) определять время по часам - teach the child to tell * научите ребенка определять время по часам - to look at the * посмотреть на часы - to forget the * of the appointment забыть время свидания /встречи/ - to keep (good) * хорошо идти( о часах) - to lose * отставать( о часах) - what is the *?, what * is it? сколько времени?, который час? - what * do you make it? сколько (времени) на ваших часах?, сколько сейчас, по-вашему /по-твоему/, времени? момент, мгновение;
    определенный момент, определенное время - some * в какой-то момент, в какое-то время - I'll drop in some * next month я (к тебе) загляну как-нибудь в следующем месяце - some * (or other) когда-нибудь рано или поздно - this * last year в это (самое) время в прошлом году - this * tomorrow завтра в это же время - at *s по временам, время от времени - at the /that/ * в тот момент, в то время - at the * of delivery в момент родов - at the * I didn't notice it в тот момент я этого не заметил - at a given * в определенный момент - at the fixed * в назначенное время - at one * одновременно - at the same * в то же самое время, одновременно;
    в тот же момент - you can't be in two places at the same * нельзя быть в двух местах одновременно - at any * you like в любой моментлюбое время/, когда вам будет удобно - he may turn up (at) any * он может появиться в любой момент - at any other * в любое другое время - at the proper *, when the * comes в свое время, когда придет время - we shall do everything at the proper * мы все сделаем, когда нужно;
    всему свое время - between *s иногда, временами - by the * к этому времени - by this * к этому времени - by that * we shall be old в это время мы уже будем стариками - you ought to be ready by this * к этому времени вы должны быть готовы - it will be nearly two by the * you get down вы приедете не раньше двух часов - from that * (onwards) с этого времени - the * has come when... пришло время /наступил момент/, когда... время прибытия или отправления (поезда и т. п.) - to find out the *s of the London trains узнать расписание лондонских поездов срок, время - in * в срок, вовремя - on * в срок, вовремя - to arrive exactly on * приехать /прибыть/ минута в минуту /точно в назначенный час/ - in due * в свое время, своевременно - to be in * for smth. поспеть точно к чему-л. - to arrive in * for dinner поспеть как раз к обеду - I was just in * to see it я успел как раз вовремя, чтобы увидеть это - ahead of *, before one's * раньше срока - behind *, out of * поздно, с опозданием - to be ten minutes behind * опоздать на десять минут - the train was running (half an hour) behind * поезд опаздывал (на полчаса) - to ask for an extension of * просить отсрочки( платежей) - to make * (американизм) прийти вовремя /по расписанию/ - (it is) high * давно пора, самое время - it's about * пора - it is * to go to bed /you went to bed/ пора ложиться спать - *! время вышло!, ваше время истекло /вышло/ - the * is up срок истек - * is drawing on времени остается мало, срок приближается - she is near her * она скоро родит - my * has come мой час пробил;
    пришло время умирать - see that you are up to * смотри не опоздай - the * for feeding is nearing, it's nearing the * for feeding приближается /подходит/ время /срок/ кормления подходящий момент, подходящее время - now is the * to go on strike /for going on strike/ теперь самое время начать забастовку - this is no * /not the */ to reproach /for reproaching/ me сейчас не время упрекать меня времена, пора;
    эпоха, эра - the good old *s добрые старые времена - our *(s) наше время, наши дни - the product of our *s продукт нашей эпохи - hard *(s) тяжелые времена - peace * мирное время - the * of Shakespeare эпоха Шекспира - the * of universal peace эра всеобщего мира - the *s we live in наши дни;
    время, в котором мы живем - a sign of the *(s) знамение времени - at all *s, (американизм) all the * всегда, во все времена - at all *s and in all places всегда и везде - for its * для своего времени - a book unusual for its * книга, необычная для своего /того/ времени - from the earliest *s с давних времен - from * immemorial /out of mind/ с незапамятных времен, испокон веку /веков/;
    искони, исстари - (in) past *(s) (в) прежнее время - (in) old /ancient, (устаревшее) olden/ *(s) (в) старое время;
    в древности, в стародавние времена, во время оно - in prehistoric *s в доисторическую эпоху - in happier *s в более счастливые времена, в более счастливую пору - in *s to come в будущем, в грядущие времена - abreast of the *s вровень с веком;
    не отставая от жизни - to be abreast of the *s, to move /to go/ with the *s стоять вровень с веком, не отставать от жизни, шагать в ногу со временем - ahead of the /one's/ *(s) опередивший свою эпоху, передовой - behind one's /the/ *(s) (разговорное) отстающий от жизни, отсталый - to serve the * приспосабливаться - other *s, other manners иные времена - иные нравы - born before one's *(s) опередивший свою эпоху - to change with the *s изменяться вместе с временем - these achievements will outlast our * эти достижения переживут нас /наше время/ - * was /there was a */ when... было время, когда... - as *s go (разговорное) по нынешним временам - the * is out of joint( Shakespeare) распалась связь времен возраст - at his * of life в его возрасте, в его годы - I have now reached a * of life when... я достиг того возраста, когда... период жизни, век - it will last my * этого на мой век хватит - all these things happened in my * все это произошло на моей памяти - it was before her * это было до ее рождения;
    она этого уже не застала - he died before his * он безвременно умер;
    он умер в расцвете сил - if I had my * over again если бы можно было прожить жизнь сначала /заново/ - in my * such things were not done в мое время так не поступали - this hat has done /served/ its * эта шляпка отслужила свое /отжила свой век/ свободное время;
    досуг - to have * иметь время - to have much /plenty of, (разговорное) loads of, (разговорное) heaps of, (разговорное) oceans of/ *, to have * on one's hands иметь много /уйму/ (свободного) времени - to have no *, to be hard pressed for * совершенно не иметь времени, торопиться - I have no * to spare у меня нет лишнего времени - I have no * for such nonsense мне недосуг заниматься такой ерундой /чепухой/ - to find * to read books находить время для чтения книг - to pass the * away in knitting проводить время за вязаньем - to beguile /to while away/ the * коротать время - to waste /to squander, to idle away, to trifle away/ one's * даром /попусту/ терять время - to lose * терять время - to make up for lost * наверстать упущенное;
    компенсировать потери времени - there's no * to lose /to be lost/ нельзя терять ни минуты - to play for * пытаться выиграть время;
    тянуть /оттягивать/ время - to save * экономить время, не терять попусту времени - to take one's * не торопиться, выжидать;
    (ироничное) мешкать, копаться - I need * to rest мне нужно время, чтобы отдохнуть - my * was my own я был хозяином своего времени - my * wasn't my own у меня не было свободного времени - he did it in his own * он сделал это в нерабочее время - * enough to attend to that tomorrow у нас будет время заняться этим завтра - a lot of *, effort and money has been spent было потрачено много времени, усилий и денег время (с точки зрения того, как оно проводится) ;
    времяпровождение - to have a good /a fine/ * (of it) хорошо провести время, повеселиться - not to have much of a * неважно провести время - to have the * of one's life переживать лучшую пору своей жизни;
    повеселиться на славу;
    отлично провести время - to have a high old * переживать лучшую пору своей жизни - to have a bad /rough/ * (of it) терпеть нужду /лишения/, хлебнуть горя;
    повидать всякое;
    пережить несколько неприятных минут - he had a rough * (of it) ему пришлось туго /нелегко/ - she had a bad /rough/ * (of it) with her baby у нее были трудные роды - to give smb. a rough * заставить кого-л. мучиться;
    заставить кого-л. потерпеть, доставить кому-л. несколько неприятных минут - what a * I had with him! с ним пришлось немало помучиться;
    уж как он изводил меня! - the patient had a bad * for three hours before the medicine worked больной три часа мучился, прежде чем подействовало лекарство рабочее время - task * время для выполнения какой-л. работы - full * полный рабочий день - to work full * работать полный рабочий день - to turn to writing full * (образное) полностью посвятить себя писательству - by * на условиях почасовой оплаты - to be paid by * получать сдельно - to work /to be/ on short * работать сокращенную рабочую неделю, быть частично безработным - my normal * is 8 hours a day обычно я работаю 8 часов в день плата за работу - double * двойная плата за сверхурочную работу - to collect one's * получить зарплату - we offer straight * for work up to 40 hours and * and a half for Saturdays мы платим полную ставку за 40-часовую рабочую неделю и полторы ставки за работу по субботам (удобный) случай, (благоприятная) возможность - to watch /to bide/ one's * ждать благоприятного момента - now's your * (разговорное) теперь самое время вам действовать и т. п. (спортивное) время - the winner's * время победителя - to keep * with one's stop watch засекать время с помощью секундомера - some wonderful *s were put up многие показали отличное время - he is making excellent * он идет с отличным временем интервал между раундами (бокс) - to call * давать сигнал начать или кончить схватку тайм;
    период, половина игры (футбол) скорость, темп;
    такт;
    размер;
    ритм - simple * (музыкальное) простой размер - compound * (музыкальное) сложный размер - waltz * ритм вальса - in * ритмичный;
    ритмично - out of * неритмичный;
    неритмично - to get out of * сбиться с ритма - to march in quick * идти быстро - to keep /to beat/ * отбивать такт;
    выдерживать такт /ритм/ - to break into quick * ускорить шаг, перейти на ускоренный шаг - to quicken the * убыстрять /ускорять/ темп (стихосложение) мора (библеизм) год раз, случай - six *s шесть раз - a dozen *s много раз - every * каждый раз - last * в прошлый раз - this * (на) этот раз - next * (в) следующий раз - four *s running четыре раза подряд /кряду/ - he lost five *s running он проиграл пять раз подряд - the first * (в) первый раз - this is the third * he has come вот уже третий раз, как он приходит - another * (в) другой раз - the one * I got good cards единственный раз, когда у меня были хорошие карты - at a * разом, сразу одновременно - to do one thing at a * делать по очереди, не браться за все сразу - to do two things at a * делать две вещи одновременно /зараз/ - * after * повторно;
    тысячу раз - *s out of /without/ number бесчисленное количество раз - * and again, * and * again снова и снова - he said it * and again он не раз говорил это;
    он не уставал повторять это - I had to prove it * and again мне приходилось доказывать это вновь и вновь /снова и снова, бессчетное количество раз/ - from * to * время от времени, от случая к случаю - nine *s out of ten в девяти случаях из десяти;
    в большинстве случаев - I've told you so a hundred *s я тебе это говорил сто раз раз - three *s six is /are/ eighteen трижды шесть - восемнадцать каждый раз;
    каждый случай;
    каждая штука - it costs me 3 pounds a * to have my hair done каждый раз я плачу три фунта за укладку волос - pick any you like at 5 dollars a * (разговорное) выбирайте любую по 5 долларов штука - at a * за (один) раз, за (один) прием - to run upstairs two at a * бежать вверх по лестнице через две ступеньки - to read a few pages at a * читать не больше нескольких страниц за раз /за один присест/ раз, крат - a hundred *s greater во сто крат больше - twenty *s less в двадцать раз меньше - many *s as large во много раз больше - three *s as wide в три раза /втрое/ шире - three *s as much /as many/ втрое больше - they were five *s fewer их было в пять раз меньше - you'll get two *s your clock я заплачу вам вдвое больше, чем по счетчику (предложение таксисту) > (old) Father T. дедушка-время > the big * верхушка лестницы, верхушка пирамиды;
    сливки общества > to be in the big *, to have made the big * принадлежать к сливкам общества, входить в элиту > the * of day положение вещей /дел/;
    последние сведения /данные/ > at this * of day так поздно;
    на данном этапе;
    после того, что произошло > to know the * of day быть настороже;
    быть искушенным (в чем-л.) > to give smb. the * of day обращать внимание на кого-л. (особ. с отрицанием) ;
    здороваться с кем-л. > to pass the * of day with smb. здороваться с кем-л. > that's the * of day! такие-то дела!;
    значит, дело обстоит так! > against * в пределах установленного времени;
    с целью побить рекорд;
    с целью выиграть время;
    в большой спешке > to talk against * стараться соблюсти регламент > to work against * стараться уложить /кончить работу/ в срок > to run against * стараться побить ранее установленный рекорд > to talk against * говорить с целью затянуть время (при обструкции в парламенте) > at the same * тем не менее, однако > your statement is not groundless;
    at the same * it is not wholly true ваше замечание не лишено основания, однако оно не совсем правильно > in good * со временем, с течением времени;
    своевременно;
    заранее, заблаговременно > you'll hear from me in good * со временем я дам о себе знать > to start in good * отправиться заблаговременно > come in good *! не опаздывай! > all in good * все в свое время > in bad * не вовремя;
    поздно, с опозданием > on * (американизм) в рассрочку > to buy a Tv set on * купить в кредит телевизор > once upon a * давным-давно;
    во время оно;
    когда-то > once upon a * there lived a king давным-давно жил-был король > to buy * выигрывать время;
    оттягивать /тянуть/ время, канителить > to have a thin * переживать неприятные минуты;
    переживать трудности > to have a * переживать бурное время;
    испытывать большие трудности > to have no * for smb. плохо выносить кого-л. > I have no * for him он меня раздражает > to kill * убивать время > to make * поспешить, поторопиться > we'll have to make * to catch the train нам нужно поспешить, чтобы не /если мы не хотим/ опоздать на поезд > to make good * быстро преодолеть какое-л. расстояние > to make a * about /over/ smth. (американизм) волноваться, суетиться по поводу чего-л.;
    шумно реагировать на что-л. > to mark * шагать на месте;
    оттягивать /тянуть/ время;
    выполнять что-л. чисто формально, работать без души > to do * отбывать тюремное заключение, отсиживать свой срок > to serve /to complete/ one's * отслужить свой срок (в период ученичества) ;
    отбыть срок (в тюрьме) > to near the end of one's * заканчивать службу (о солдате) ;
    заканчивать срок (о заключенном) > to sell * (американизм) предоставлять за плату возможность выступить по радио или телевидению > to take /to catch/ * by the forelock действовать немедленно;
    воспользоваться случаем, использовать благоприятный момент > to go with the *s плыть по течению > there's no * like the present теперь самое подходящее время (для какого-л. дела) ;
    лучше не откладывай;
    лови момент > * works wonders время делает /творит/ чудеса > * cures all things время - лучший лекарь > * and tide wait for no man время не ждет > it beats my * (американизм) это выше моего понимания > lost * is never found again (пословица) потерянного времени не воротишь > a stitch in * saves nine (пословица) один стежок сделанный вовремя, сберегает десять > * is money (пословица) время - деньги связанный с временем - * advantage( спортивное) преимущество во времени снабженный часовым механизмом - * lock замок с часовым механизмом связанный с покупками в кредит или с платежами в рассрочку подлежащий оплате в определенный срок выбирать время;
    рассчитывать (по времени) - to * oneself well удачно выбрать время прихода /приезда/ - to * one's blows skilfully искусно выбирать момент для (нанесения) удара - to * one's march through the city выбрать время для марша по улицам города - the publication of the book was well *d книга была опубликована в самый подходящий момент - the remark was well *d замечание было сделано очень кстати назначать или устанавливать время;
    приурочивать - he *d his arrival for six o'clock он намечал свой приезд на шесть часов - the train was *d to reach London at 8 a.m. поезд должен был прибыть в Лондон в 8 часов утра ставить (часы) - to * all the clocks in the office according to the radio поставить все часы в конторе /в бюро/ по радио - to * one's watch by the time signal ставить часы по сигналу точного времени - * your watch with mine поставьте свои часы по моим - the alarm-clock was *d to go off at nine o'clock будильник был поставлен на девять часов задавать темп;
    регулировать( механизм и т. п.) отмечать по часам;
    засекать;
    определять время;
    хронометрировать - to * the speed of work хронометрировать трудовой процесс - to * a worker on a new job хронометрировать работу новичка - to * the horse for each half mile засекать время лошади на каждой полумиле - to * how long it takes to do it засечь, сколько времени требуется, чтобы сделать это - I *d his reading я следил за его чтением /за скоростью его чтения/ по часам рассчитывать, устанавливать продолжительность - clockwork apparatus *d to run for forty-eight hours часовой механизм, рассчитанный на двое суток работы выделять время для определенного процесса - to * one's exposure correctly( фотографическое) сделать /поставить/ нужную выдержку (to, with) делать в такт - to * one's steps to the music танцевать в такт музыке - to * one's footsteps to a march шагать в ритме марша (редкое) совпадать, биться в унисон( техническое) синхронизировать access ~ вчт. время доступа access ~ момент допуска across-the-board ~ фиксированный момент движения цен на фондовой бирже, затрагивающего все акции action ~ рабочее время active ~ активное время active ~ продолжительность обслуживания actual ~ фактическое время add ~ вчт. время сложения air ~ время выхода в эфир in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
    all in good time все в свое время;
    in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно all-in ~ произ. стандартный срок allowed ~ допустимое время arrival ~ вчт. время входа times to come будущее;
    as times go по нынешним временам at a ~ одновременно at my ~ of life в мои годы, в моем возрасте at ~s временами;
    some time or other когда-нибудь;
    at no time никогда at one ~ одновременно to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
    on time амер. точно, вовремя;
    at one time некогда at the same ~ в то же самое время at the same ~ вместе с тем;
    тем не менее;
    for the time being пока, до поры до времени at the ~ в то время at the ~ of во время at ~s временами;
    some time or other когда-нибудь;
    at no time никогда attended ~ вчт. время обслуживания available ~ полезное время in ~ вовремя;
    to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
    in course of time со временем;
    out of time несвоевременно ~ муз. темп;
    такт;
    to beat time отбивать такт to keep ~ = to beat time before one's ~ до (кого-л.) ;
    до (чьего-л.) рождения before (behind) the times (или one's ~) передовой (отсталый) по взглядам in no ~ необыкновенно быстро, моментально;
    before time слишком рано big ~ разг. успех bit ~ вчт. такт передачи broadcasting ~ время трансляции build-up ~ вчт. время нарастания очереди calculating ~ вчт. время счета changeover ~ время перехода к выпуску новой продукции closing ~ время закрытия closing ~ время окончания работы compensation ~ время компенсации compile ~ вчт. время трансляции computation ~ вчт. время вычислений computer ~ машинное время computer ~ вчт. машинное время computing ~ вчт. время вычмсления connect ~ вчт. продолжительность сеанса связи cooling ~ время охлаждения critical ~ предельное время cutoff ~ время прекращения data ~ вчт. время обмена данными daylight saving ~ летнее время debug ~ вчт. время отладки debugging ~ вчт. время отладки deceleration ~ вчт. время останова delay ~ время задержки delay ~ вчт. время задержки delay ~ время запаздывания delay ~ выдержка времени delivery ~ срок поставки ~ срок;
    it is time we were going нам пора идти;
    time is up срок истек;
    to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение double ~ ускоренный марш down ~ вчт. время неисправного состояния down ~ вчт. простой dwell ~ вчт. время пребывания в системе effective ~ полезное время effective waiting ~ вчт. эффективное время ожидания elapsed ~ астрономическое время работы elapsed ~ истекшее время elapsed ~ общее затраченное время elapsed ~ фактическая продолжительность entry ~ вчт. момент входа event ~ вчт. момент появления события fetch ~ вчт. время выборки flexible working ~ гибкий рабочий график in a short ~ в скором времени;
    for a short time на короткое время, ненадолго ~ время;
    what is the time? который час?;
    the time of day время дня, час;
    from time to time время от времени to give (smb.) the ~ of day, to pass the ~ of day (with smb.) здороваться;
    обмениваться приветствиями giving ~ предоставленное время to go with the ~s не отставать от жизни;
    идти в ногу со временем handling ~ время перемещения handling ~ время переработки handling ~ время транспортировки ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
    hard times тяжелые времена;
    time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
    Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира to have a good ~, to make a ~ of it хорошо провести время to while away the ~ коротать время;
    to have time on one's hands иметь массу свободного времени idle ~ вчт. время простоя idle ~ нерабочий период idle ~ перерыв в работе idle ~ период бездействия idle ~ простой idle ~ вчт. простой in a short ~ в скором времени;
    for a short time на короткое время, ненадолго in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
    all in good time все в свое время;
    in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно in ~ вовремя;
    to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
    in course of time со временем;
    out of time несвоевременно in good ~ заранее, заблаговременно;
    all in good time все в свое время;
    in bad time не вовремя, с опозданием, поздно in good ~ точно, своевременно there is no ~ to lose нельзя терять ни минуты;
    in (или on) one's own time в свободное время in ~ вовремя;
    to be in time поспеть, прийти вовремя;
    in course of time со временем;
    out of time несвоевременно ineffective ~ вчт. время простоя inoperable ~ нерабочее время instruction ~ вчт. время выполнения команды interaction ~ вчт. время взаимодействия ~ attr. повременный;
    it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
    to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) ~ срок;
    it is time we were going нам пора идти;
    time is up срок истек;
    to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение ~ жизнь, век;
    it will last my time этого на мой век хватит to keep (good) ~ идти хорошо( о часах) ;
    to keep bad time идти плохо (о часах) to keep ~ = to beat time to keep ~ выдерживать ритм to keep ~ идти верно( о часах) to keep (good) ~ идти хорошо (о часах) ;
    to keep bad time идти плохо (о часах) knocking-off ~ рын.тр. время окончания работы lag ~ продолжительность запаздывания latency ~ вчт. время ожидания lead ~ время между принятием решения и началом действия lead ~ время на освоение новой продукции, на выполнение нового заказа lead ~ время подготовки к выпуску продукции lead ~ время протекания процесса lead ~ время реализации заказа lead ~ задержка, затягивание lead ~ срок разработки новой продукции load ~ время загрузки load ~ вчт. время загрузки loading ~ время погрузки local ~ местное время lost ~ потерянное время lost ~ is never found again посл. потерянного времени не воротишь;
    one (two) at a time по одному (по двое) maintenance ~ продолжительность технического обслуживания to have a good ~, to make a ~ of it хорошо провести время to make ~ амер. ехать на определенной скорости;
    on time амер. точно, вовремя;
    at one time некогда to make ~ амер. спешить, пытаясь наверстать упущенное make-ready ~ подготовительное время times outof (или without) number бесчисленное количество раз;
    many a time часто, много раз mean ~ between failures среднее время безотказной работы mean ~ to repair среднее время восстановления minimum ~ минимальное время multiplication ~ вчт. время умножения negotiated working ~ нормированное рабочее время negotiated working ~ согласованное рабочее время off ~ вчт. время простоя lost ~ is never found again посл. потерянного времени не воротишь;
    one (two) at a time по одному( по двое) opening ~ время открытия operable ~ вчт. время готовности operable ~ рабочее время operating ~ время эксплуатации operating ~ наработка operating ~ вчт. рабочее время operating ~ срок службы operating ~ эксплуатационное время operation ~ вчт. время выполнения операции over ~ вчт. с течением времени part ~ неполный рабочий день to give (smb.) the ~ of day, to pass the ~ of day (with smb.) здороваться;
    обмениваться приветствиями payout ~ срок выплаты preempted ~ вчт. продолжительность прерывания обслуживания prime ~ наиболее удобное время processing ~ вчт. время обработки данных processing ~ вчт. время обслуживания processing ~ продолжительность обработки processor ~ вчт. время счета production ~ вчт. производительное время productive ~ полезное время productive ~ вчт. полезное время productive ~ продуктивное время productive ~ производительно используемое время proving ~ вчт. время проверки question ~ время, отведенное в парламенте для вопросов правительству read ~ вчт. время считывания reading ~ время, уделяемое чтению real ~ истинное время real ~ истинный масштаб времени real ~ реальное время real ~ вчт. реальное время real ~ реальный масштаб времени recovery ~ вчт. время востановления redemption ~ время выкупа reference ~ вчт. начало отсчета времени remaining service ~ вчт. остаточное время обслуживания repair ~ вчт. время ремонта repair ~ продолжительность ремонта representative computing ~ вчт. эталонное время request-response ~ вчт. время между запросом и ответом resetting ~ вчт. время возврата residual waiting ~ остаточное время ожидания response ~ вчт. время ответа response ~ вчт. время отклика resting ~ время отдыха round-trip propagation ~ вчт. задержка кругового обхода running ~ вчт. время прогона sampling ~ вчт. время получения выборки scheduled ~ директивный срок scheduled ~ запланированное время scramble ~ вчт. конкурентное время search ~ comp. время поиска seek ~ вчт. время установки ~ attr. повременный;
    it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
    to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
    she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
    to work against time стараться уложиться в срок to serve one's ~ отбыть срок службы service ~ вчт. время обслуживания setting ~ вчт. время установки setup ~ время перестройки производства setup ~ вчт. время установки setup ~ продолжительность подготовительно-заключительных операций ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
    hard times тяжелые времена;
    time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
    Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира to serve one's ~ отбыть срок наказания;
    she is near her time она скоро родит, она на сносях;
    to work against time стараться уложиться в срок simulation ~ вчт. модельное время ~ раз;
    six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
    ten times as large в десять раз больше;
    time after time раз за разом;
    повторно slot ~ вчт. интервал ответа so that's the ~ of day! такие-то дела!;
    take your time! не спешите!;
    to kill time убить время sojourn ~ вчт. длительность пребывания at ~s временами;
    some time or other когда-нибудь;
    at no time никогда speaking ~ время выступления spent waiting ~ вчт. время ожиданий standard operation ~ нормативная наработка standard operation ~ нормативная продолжительность эксплуатации standard operation ~ нормативный срок службы standard ~ норматив времени standard ~ нормативное время standard ~ стандартное, декретное время start ~ вчт. время разгона starting ~ время начала startup ~ вчт. время запуска stop ~ вчт. время останова storage ~ вчт. время хранения данных storing ~ время хранения swap ~ вчт. время перекачки system ~ вчт. время системы system with limited holding ~ система с ограниченным временем пребывания so that's the ~ of day! такие-то дела!;
    take your time! не спешите!;
    to kill time убить время takedown ~ вчт. время освобождения ~ раз;
    six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
    ten times as large в десять раз больше;
    time after time раз за разом;
    повторно testing ~ вчт. время проверки there is no ~ to lose нельзя терять ни минуты;
    in (или on) one's own time в свободное время throughput ~ производительное время ~ раз;
    six times five is thirty шестью пять - тридцать;
    ten times as large в десять раз больше;
    time after time раз за разом;
    повторно ~ attr. относящийся к определенному времени ~ attr. повременный;
    it beats my time это выше моего понимания;
    to sell time амер. предоставлять время для выступления по радио или телевидению (за плату) ~ between arrivals вчт. интервал между требованиями ~ for payment срок платежа ~ for performance срок исполнения ~ for presentment срок предъявления ~ for submission срок представления ~ срок;
    it is time we were going нам пора идти;
    time is up срок истек;
    to do time разг. отбывать тюремное заключение ~ of acquisition время приобретения ~ of balance sheet дата представления балансового отчета ~ of billing срок фактурирования ~ of closing of accounts дата закрытия счетов ~ of conception время зачатия ~ of crisis кризисный период ~ время;
    what is the time? который час?;
    the time of day время дня, час;
    from time to time время от времени ~ of death время смерти ~ of delivery срок поставки ~ of deposit период, на который сделан срочный вклад ~ of dispatch( TOD) время отправки ~ of distribution время размещения ~ of falling due срок платежа ~ of implementation период внедрения ~ of incurring a debt время образования долга ~ of invoicing время выписки фактуры ~ of issue время эмиссии ~ of loading время погрузки ~ of maturity срок платежа по векселю ~ of maturity срок ценной бумаги ~ of operation время выполнения операции ~ of operation наработка ~ of operation продолжительность эксплуатации ~ of operation срок службы ~ of payment срок платежа ~ of performance срок исполнения ~ of performance of contract срок исполнения договора ~ of purchase время покупки ~ of receipt( TOR) дата получения ~ of recording дата регистрации ~ of redemption срок выкупа ~ of redemption срок погашения ~ of sale время продажи ~ of sale дата продажи ~ of signature дата подписи ~ of surrender время вручения ~ of taking office дата вступления в должность ~ of taking up duties дата вступления в должность ~ of termination время прекращения действия ~ of termination дата истечения срока ~ of transmission( TOT) время передачи ~ of transportation время перевозки ~ of year время года ~ off нерабочее время ~ out вчт. тайм-аут ~ (часто pl) эпоха, времена;
    hard times тяжелые времена;
    time out of mind с незапамятных времен;
    Shakespeare's times эпоха Шекспира ~ удачно выбирать время;
    рассчитывать (по времени) ;
    приурочивать;
    to time to the minute рассчитывать до минуты times outof (или without) number бесчисленное количество раз;
    many a time часто, много раз times to come будущее;
    as times go по нынешним временам total ~ вчт. суммарное время ~ назначать время;
    the train timed to leave at
    6. 30 поезд, отходящий по расписанию в 6 ч. 30 м. transfer ~ вчт. время передачи transfer ~ срок передачи translating ~ вчт. время трансляции turnaround ~ вчт. длительность цикла обработки turnaround ~ межремонтный срок службы unexpended service ~ вчт. оставшееся время обслуживания unit ~ вчт. единичное время time: unused ~ вчт. неиспользуемое время up ~ вчт. рабочее время useful ~ вчт. полезное время user ~ вчт. время пользователя wait ~ вчт. время ожидания waiting ~ время ожидания waiting ~ вчт. время ожидания waiting ~ простой по организационным причинам waiting ~ простой по техническим причинам wasted service ~ вчт. затраченное время обслуживания ~ время;
    what is the time? который час?;
    the time of day время дня, час;
    from time to time время от времени to while away the ~ коротать время;
    to have time on one's hands иметь массу свободного времени while: ~ away бездельничать;
    to while away the time (или a few hours) проводить, коротать время word ~ вчт. время выборки слова ~ рабочее время;
    to work full (part) time работать полный (неполный) рабочий день или полную (неполную) рабочую неделю working ~ рабочее время write ~ вчт. время записи zone ~ поясное время zone: ~ attr. зональный;
    поясной;
    региональный;
    zone time поясное время

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > time

  • 15 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    "
    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
    "
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
    ————————————————————————————————————————
    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
    ————————————————————————————————————————

    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 16 take

    [teɪk] 1. гл.; прош. вр. took, прич. прош. вр. taken
    1) брать; хватать

    to take smb. by the shoulders — схватить кого-л. за плечи

    to take smth. (up) with a pair of tongs — взять что-л. щипцами

    I took her hand and kissed her. — Я взял её за руку и поцеловал.

    Here, let me take your coat. — Позвольте взять ваше пальто.

    He took the book from the table. — Он взял книгу со стола.

    2)
    а) захватывать, овладевать (с применением силы, с помощью какой-л. уловки)

    I was taken into custody. — Меня взяли под стражу.

    Someone took a jewellery store in the town. — Кто-то захватил ювелирный магазин в городе.

    б) разг. овладевать женщиной

    He wanted to throw her on a bed and take her against her will, violently. — Ему хотелось бросить её на кровать и против её воли, силой овладеть ею.

    в) крим. арестовать, "взять"
    3)
    а) ловить (диких животных, птиц, рыбу)

    They are readily taken by nets. — Их легко поймать сетями.

    б) хватать (добычу; о животных)
    Syn:
    4)
    а) завоёвывать, очаровывать, покорять

    You took the whole audience. — Вы полностью покорили зрителей.

    He was taken with her at their first meeting. — Он увлёкся ею с первой же их встречи.

    The play didn't take. — Пьеса не имела успеха.

    Syn:
    б) получать признание, становиться популярным
    в) привлекать (взгляд, внимание)

    My eye was taken by something bright. — Мой взгляд привлекло что-то блестящее.

    5) достигать цели, оказывать воздействие

    The vaccine from Europe, - unfortunately none of it took. — Вакцина из Европы - к сожалению она оказалась неэффективной.

    Syn:
    succeed, be effective, take effect
    6) нанимать, брать (постояльцев, работников, компаньонов); брать (под покровительство, в обучение)

    None were allowed to let their rooms or take lodgers. — Было запрещено сдавать комнаты или брать постояльцев.

    He took pupils to increase his income. — Он брал учеников, чтобы увеличить свой доход.

    7)
    а) брать в собственность; присваивать
    б) юр. наследовать, вступать во владение
    в) получать, наследовать (происхождение, имя, характер, качества)
    г) снимать (квартиру, дачу)
    д) регулярно покупать (продукты, товары), выписывать или регулярно покупать ( периодические издания)

    I take two magazines. — Я выписываю два журнала.

    8) потреблять, принимать внутрь; глотать; есть, пить; вдыхать

    to take the air — прогуливаться, дышать свежим воздухом

    Take this medicine after meals. — Принимай это лекарство после еды.

    He usually takes breakfast at about eight o'clock. — Он обычно завтракает где-то в восемь часов.

    9)
    а) принимать (форму, характер, имя и другие атрибуты)

    The house took its present form. — Дом принял свой нынешний облик.

    Syn:
    б) (принимать символ, знак, указывающий на выполняемую функцию)
    - take the crown
    - take the throne
    - take the habit
    - take the gown
    - take the ball
    - take an oar
    10)
    а) принимать (должность, пост)

    Captain Mayer was compelled by circumstances to take the responsibility. — Обстоятельства вынудили капитана Майера взять ответственность на себя.

    б) давать (клятву, обещание, обет)
    11) выполнять, осуществлять (функции, долг, службу)

    the female parts in plays being taken by boys and men — женские роли в пьесах, которые играют мальчики и мужчины

    12) занимать (место, позицию)
    13)
    а) впитывать, насыщаться ( влагой)

    a man who takes all the epidemics — человек, который подхватывает все заразные болезни

    в) легко поддаваться (окраске, обработке)

    the granite, capable of taking a high polish — гранит, который прекрасно шлифуется

    It takes dyes admirably - much better than cotton. — Эта ткань прекрасно окрашивается - гораздо лучше, чем хлопок.

    14) понимать, воспринимать, схватывать ( о значении слов)

    I take your point. — Я понимаю тебя.; Я понимаю, что ты хочешь сказать.

    Do you take me?разг. Вы меня понимаете?

    Syn:
    15) думать, полагать, считать; заключать

    You might take it that this court overruled the objection. — Можно заключить, что суд отклонил возражение.

    I take it that we are to go London. — Я так полагаю, что мы должны ехать в Лондон.

    You haven't congratulated me. Never mind, we'll take that as done. — Ты не поздравил меня. Ладно, неважно, будем считать, что это сделано.

    Syn:
    16) испытывать, чувствовать

    persons to whom I had taken so much dislike — лица, к которым я испытывал такую неприязнь

    Syn:
    17)
    а) воспринимать, учитывать, действовать в соответствии с (советом, предупреждением, намёком)

    He begged others to take warning by his fate. — Он умолял других сделать выводы из его несчастья.

    б) ( take as) воспринимать, считать

    to take things as they are — принимать вещи такими, какие они есть

    в) верить, считать правильным, истинным

    I think you must take it from me, Mr. Pennington, that we have examined all the possibilities very carefully. (A. Christie) — Полагаю, вы должны поверить мне, мистер Пеннингтон, что мы очень тщательно проанализировали все возможности.

    18)
    а) охватывать, поражать, обрушиваться

    Fire took the temple. — Огонь охватил храм.

    The kick of a horse took me across the ribs. — Удар лошади пришелся мне в ребра.

    The ball took him squarely between the eyes. — Мяч попал ему прямо между глаз.

    The ball took me an awful whack on the chest. — Мяч сильно ударил меня в грудь.

    Syn:
    б) быть поражённым, охваченным (болезнью, приступом, чувством)

    They were taken with a fit of laughing. — У них случился приступ хохота.

    He was taken with the idea. — Он увлёкся этой мыслью.

    I was not taken with him. — Он мне не понравился.

    19)
    а) получать, извлекать (из какого-л. источника, материального или нематериального); перенимать, усваивать, копировать; брать в качестве примера

    The proportions of the three Grecian orders were taken from the human body. — Пропорции тела человека были взяты в качестве основы во всех трёх греческих ордерах.

    б) добывать; собирать ( урожай)
    20)
    б) мед. приживаться ( о трансплантатах)

    Odds that a transplanted cadaveric kidney will "take" are usually no better than 50%. — Шансов, что пересаженная от умершего почка приживётся, обычно не больше 50%.

    в) держаться, приставать (о чернилах и т. п.)
    г) образовываться, создаваться (о льде; особенно на реках, озёрах)

    Seines were set in the water just before the ice "took" on the lake or river. — Сети ставились в воде непосредственно перед замерзанием озера или реки.

    д) тех. твердеть, схватываться ( о цементе)
    21) раздобывать, выяснять (информацию, факты); проводить (исследования, измерения)

    Tests are taken to see if the cable has sustained any damage. — Проводятся испытания, чтобы определить, повреждён ли кабель.

    The temperature has to be taken every hour. — Температуру приходится проверять каждый час.

    The weather was too cloudy to take any observations. — Погода была слишком облачной, чтобы проводить какие бы то ни было наблюдения.

    22)
    а) записывать, протоколировать

    He had no clinical clerks, and his cases were not taken. — У него не было в клинике регистраторов, поэтому на больных не заводились истории болезни.

    б) изображать; рисовать; фотографировать
    в) разг. выходить на фотографии (хорошо, плохо)

    He does not take well. — Он плохо выходит на фотографии.

    23)
    а) применять, использовать (средства, методы, возможности)

    Every possible means is now taken to conceal the truth. — В настоящее время используются все возможные средства, чтобы скрыть правду.

    б) использовать (какие-л.) средства передвижения

    They took train to London. — Они сели на поезд, идущий до Лондона.

    I took the packet-boat, and came over to England. — Я сел на пакетбот и добрался до Англии.

    24)
    а) получать; выигрывать
    Syn:
    б) подвергаться ( наказанию), переносить
    25)
    а) принимать, соглашаться (на что-л.); принимать ( ставку)

    They will not take such treatment. — Они не потерпят такого обращения.

    Syn:
    б) принимать (самцов; о самках)
    в) клевать, захватывать (наживку; о рыбах)
    26) принимать (с каким-л. чувством, настроем)

    to take it lying down — безропотно сносить что-л.

    to take things as one finds them — принимать вещи такими, какие они есть

    She takes the rough with the smooth. — Она стойко переносит превратности судьбы.

    27) пытаться преодолеть (что-л., мешающее продвижению); преодолевать, брать препятствие

    The horse took the hedge easily. — Лошадь легко взяла препятствие.

    He took the corner like a rally driver. — Он завернул за угол, как настоящий гонщик.

    28)
    а) разг. противостоять; нападать; наносить поражение; убить

    The man who tried to take me was Martinez. — Человек, пытавшийся меня убить, был Мартинес.

    Syn:
    б) ( take against) выступать против; испытывать неприязнь, не любить

    I've never done anything to offend her, but she just took against me from the start. — Я никогда не делал ничего, что могло бы оскорбить её, но она невзлюбила меня с самого начала.

    29) брать, бить (в картах, шахматах и др. играх)

    A pawn takes the enemy angularly. — Пешка бьёт фигуру противника по диагонали.

    The king takes the queen. — Король берёт ферзя.

    30)
    а) = take short / by surprise / at unawares заставать врасплох

    The doctor was not easily taken off his guard. — Доктора трудно было поймать врасплох.

    б) разг. обмануть, наколоть; вымогать ( деньги)

    It wasn't enough for Julie just to admit she'd been taken. — Для Джулии было недостаточно просто признать, что её облапошили.

    Syn:
    31)
    а) выбирать, избирать

    Take me a man, at a venture, from the crowd. — Выбери мне наугад какого-нибудь человека из толпы.

    Syn:
    б) выбрать (дорогу, путь), отправиться (по какой-л. дороге)

    to take (a place or person) in (on) one's way — заходить, заезжать (в какое-л. место или к кому-л.) по пути

    He did not take Rome in his way. — Он не включил Рим в свой маршрут.

    32)
    а) = take up занимать, отнимать, требовать (времени, активности, энергии)

    It will take two hours to translate this article. — Перевод этой статьи займёт два часа.

    Any ignoramus can construct a straight line, but it takes an engineer to make a curve. — Любой профан может построить прямую линию, но чтобы построить кривую, требуется инженер.

    б) носить, иметь размер (перчаток, обуви)
    33) начинать, начинать снова; возобновлять

    Eveline remained silent. The abbess took the word. — Эвелин продолжала молчать. Аббатиса снова заговорила.

    All Declensions take the Ending m for Masc. and Fem. Nouns. — Все склонения требуют окончания m у существительных мужского и женского рода.

    35) с последующим существительным выражает общее значение: делать, осуществлять; сочетание часто является перифразой соответствующего существительному глагола и выражает единичный акт или кратковременное действие

    to take a leap — сделать прыжок, прыгнуть

    to take one's departure — уйти, уехать

    to take adieu, farewell — прощаться

    My wife and my daughter were taking a walk together. — Мои жена и дочь предприняли совместную прогулку.

    - take five
    - take ten
    - take a fall
    36) доставлять; сопровождать; провожать; вести; брать с собой

    to take smb. home — провожать кого-л. домой

    to take smb. out for a walk — повести кого-л. погулять

    to take along a picnic basket / a laptop / a copy of the contract / a few books / one's financial statement — брать с собой корзину для пикника / ноутбук / копию контракта / несколько книг / свой финансовый отчёт

    to buy wine to take along — покупать вино, чтобы взять его с собой

    The second stage of the journey takes the traveller through Egypt. — На втором этапе путешествия путников провезут через Египет.

    I want to take her all over the house. — Я хочу показать ей дом.

    I'll take him around. — Я ему тут всё покажу.

    the business that took me to London — дело, которое привело меня в Лондон

    37)
    а) забирать, уносить; извлекать, удалять; избавлять (от чего-л.)

    The flood took many lives. — Наводнение унесло жизни многих людей.

    to take the life of (smb.) — лишить (кого-л.) жизни, убить

    to take one's (own) life — лишить себя жизни, совершить самоубийство

    Syn:

    It was God's will that he should be taken. (E. O'Neill) — Господу было угодно, чтобы он умер.

    в) = take off отнимать, вычитать
    Syn:
    г) ( take from) уменьшать, сокращать

    It takes greatly from the pleasure. — Это сильно уменьшает удовольствие.

    Syn:
    38) привыкать (к чему-л.)
    39)
    а) идти, двигаться (куда-л., в каком-л. направлении)

    I took across some fields for the nearest way. — Я двинулся по полям, чтобы добраться до ближайшей дороги.

    A gang of wolves took after her. — За ней бежала стая волков.

    He will take himself to bed. — Он направился в постель.

    б) уст. идти, бежать (о дороге, реке)

    The river takes straight to northward again. — Река снова течёт прямо на север.

    40) ( take after)
    а) походить на (кого-л.)

    The boy takes after his father. — Мальчик похож на своего отца.

    в) погнаться за (кем-л.), преследовать (кого-л.)

    The policeman dropped his load and took after the criminal, but failed to catch him. — Полицейский бросил свою ношу и побежал за преступником, но не сумел поймать его.

    41) ( take before) отправить (предложение, вопрос) на (рассмотрение кого-л.)

    The director intends to take your suggestion before the rest of the Board at their next meeting. — Директор собирается представить ваше предложение на следующем собрании правления.

    42) ( take for)
    а) принимать за (кого-л.)

    I took him for an Englishman. — Я принял его за англичанина.

    I am not the person you take me for. — Я не тот, за кого вы меня принимаете.

    I shall take it for $5. — Я куплю это за 5$.

    в) разг. грабить (кого-л.), обманывать (на какую-л. сумму)
    43) ( take from)
    а) верить; считать истинным
    б) принимать (вид, форму)
    в) наследовать (имя, название)

    The city of Washington takes its name from George Washington. — Город Вашингтон назван в честь Джорджа Вашингтона.

    г) отбирать, забирать

    I'll take it from him. — Я отберу это у него.

    44) ( take into)
    а) принять; взять на работу

    to take smth. into account — принять что-л. во внимание

    45) ( take to)
    а) пристраститься, увлечься (чем-л.); почувствовать симпатию к (кому-л.), полюбить (кого-л.)

    I took to him at once. — Он мне сразу понравился.

    б) привыкать, приспосабливаться к (чему-л.)
    в) обращаться, прибегать к (чему-л.)

    They had to take to the boats. — Им пришлось воспользоваться лодками.

    - take aback
    - take aboard
    - take abroad
    - take action about
    - take aim
    - take alarm
    - take amiss
    - take apart
    - take as read
    - take ashore
    - take at word
    - take away
    - take back
    - take the bearing of
    - take the bearing
    - take a breath
    - take charge of
    - take down
    - take down shorthand
    - take the edge
    - take hard
    - take hold
    - take a holiday
    - take home
    - take in
    - take it easy
    - take kindly
    - take leave of smb.
    - take liberties with
    - take notice
    - take off
    - take off a bandage
    - take offence
    - take on
    - take out
    - take over
    - take a picture
    - take a photograph
    - take pity on smb.
    - take place
    - take possession
    - take revenge
    - take root
    - take the sea
    - take shelter
    - take a shot at
    - take sick
    - take sides with
    - take steps
    - take through
    - take to a place
    - take to one's heels
    - take to earth
    - take umbrage about
    - take unawares
    - take up
    - take up quarters
    - take upon oneself
    - take vote
    ••

    to have (got) what it takes — обладать всем необходимым, иметь всё, что нужно

    take it or leave it — как хотите, на ваше усмотрение

    to take a joke — понимать шутку, принимать шутку

    to (be able to) take it — выносить, терпеть

    to take it (or life) on the chin — мужественно встречать неудачи, несчастья, не падать духом; выдержать жестокий удар

    to take on board — выпить; проглатывать; схватывать ( идею)

    to take it into one's head — вбить, забрать себе в голову

    to take to the woodsамер. уклоняться от своих обязанностей ( особенно от голосования)

    to take too much — подвыпить, хлебнуть лишнего

    to take the biscuitразг. взять первый приз

    2. сущ.
    1)
    а) взятие, захват
    б) улов ( рыбы); добыча ( на охоте)
    Syn:
    haul, catch 2.
    2)
    а) мнение, точка зрения (по какому-л. вопросу)

    She was asked for her take on recent scientific results. — Её спросили о том, что она думает о последних научных достижениях.

    б) трактовка, интерпретация (чего-л.)
    3)
    а) разг. барыши, выручка

    They will seek to increase their take by selling vegetables from their own garden. — Они попытаются увеличить выручку, продавая овощи из своего сада.

    б) кассовый сбор (фильма, спектакля)
    Syn:
    4)
    а) кино кинокадр; дубль
    б) фонограмма, звукозапись
    Syn:
    5) обаяние, очарование

    Her face had some kind of harmony and take in it. — В её лице были гармония и обаяние.

    Syn:
    charm 1.
    6) видимая, физическая реакция (кого-л. на какое-л. действие)
    7) мед. реакция (на прививку, укол и т. п.)
    8) бот. приживание ( привоя на растении)
    9) полигр. урок наборщика
    ••

    Англо-русский современный словарь > take

  • 17 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 18 change management

    Gen Mgt
    the coordination of a structured period of transition from situation A to situation B in order to achieve lasting change within an organization. Change management can be of varying scope, from continuous improvement, which involves small ongoing changes to existing processes, to radical and substantial change involving organizational strategy. Change management can be reactive or proactive. It can be instigated in reaction to something in an organization’s external environment, for example, in the realms of economics, politics, legislation, or competition, or in reaction to something within the processes, structures, people, and events of the organization’s internal environment. It may also be instigated as a proactive measure, for example, in anticipation of unfavorable economic conditions in the future. Change management usually follows five steps: recognition of a trigger indicating that change is needed; clarification of the end point, or “where we want to be”; planning how to achieve the change; accomplishment of the transition; and maintenance to ensure the change is lasting. Effective change management involves alterations on a personal level, for example, a shift in attitudes or work routines, and thus personnel management skills such as motivation are vital to successful change. Other important influences on the success of change management include leadership style, communication, and a unified positive attitude to the change among the workforce. Business process reengineering is one type of change management, involving the redesign of processes within an organization to raise performance. Change agents are those people within an organization who are leaders and champions of the change process. With the accelerating pace of change in the business environment in the 1990s and 2000s, change has become accepted as a fact of business life and is the subject of books on management.

    The ultimate business dictionary > change management

  • 19 Oeynhausen, Karl von

    [br]
    b. 4 February 1795 Grevenburg, near Höxter, Germany
    d. 1 February 1865 Grevenburg, near Höxter, Germany
    [br]
    German mining officer who introduced fish joints to deep-drilling.
    [br]
    The son of a mining officer, Oeynhausen started his career in the Prussian administration of the mining industry in 1816, immediately after he had finished his studies in natural sciences and mathematics at the University of Göttingen. From 1847 until his retirement he was a most effective head of state mines inspectorates, first in Silesia (Breslau; now Wroclaw, Poland), later in Westphalia (Dortmund). During his working life he served in all the important mining districts of Prussia, and travelled to mining areas in other parts of Germany, Belgium, France and Britain. In the 1820s, after visiting Glenck's well-known saltworks near Wimpfen, he was commissioned to search for salt deposits in Prussian territory, where he discovered the thermal springs south of Minden which later became the renowned spa carrying his name.
    With deeper drills, the increased weight of the rods made it difficult to disengage the drill on each stroke and made the apparatus self-destructive on impact of the drill. Oeynhausen, from 1834, used fish joints, flexible connections between the drill and the rods. Not only did they prevent destructive impact, but they also gave a jerk on the return stroke that facilitated disengagements. He never claimed to have invented the fish joints: in fact, they appeared almost simultaneously in Europe and in America at that time, and had been used since at least the seventeenth century in China, although they were unknown in the Western hemisphere.
    Using fish joints meant the start of a new era in deep-drilling, allowing much deeper wells to be sunk than before. Five weeks after Oeynhausen, K.G. Kind operated with a different kind of fish joint, and in 1845 another Prussian mining officer, Karl Leopold Fabian (1782–1855), Director of the salt inspectorate at Schönebeck, Elbe, improved the fish joints by developing a special device between the rod and the drill to enable the chisel, strengthened by a sinker bar, to fall onto the bottom of the hole without hindrance with a higher effect. The free-fall system became another factor in the outstanding results of deep-drilling in Prussia in the nineteenth century.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary PhD, University of Berlin 1860.
    Bibliography
    1824, "Über die geologische Ähnlichkeit des steinsalzführenden Gebirges in Lothringen und im südlichen Deutschland mit einigen Gegenden auf beiden Ufern der Weser", Karstens Archiv für Bergbau und Hüttenwesen 8: 52–84.
    1847, "Bemerkungen über die Anfertigung und den Effekt der aus Hohleisen zusammengesetzten Bohrgestänge", Archiv fur Mineralogie, Geognosie, Bergbau und Hüttenkunde 21:135–60.
    1832–3, with H.von Dechen, Über den Steinkohlenbergbau in England, 2 parts, Berlin.
    Further Reading
    von Gümbel, "K.v.Oeynhausen", Allgemeine deutsche Biographie 25:31–3.
    W.Serlo, 1927, "Bergmannsfamilien. Die Familien Fabian und Erdmann", Glückauf.
    492–3.
    D.Hoffmann, 1959, 150 Jahre Tiefbohrungen in Deutschland, Vienna and Hamburg (a careful elaboration of the single steps and their context with relation to the development of deep-drilling).
    WK

    Biographical history of technology > Oeynhausen, Karl von

  • 20 air

    air n
    воздух
    adjustable air outlet
    регулируемый насадок индивидуальной вентиляции
    aerodrome air picture
    воздушная обстановка в зоне аэродрома
    Aerodromes, Air Routes and Ground Aids Section
    Секция аэродромов, воздушных трасс и наземных средств
    (ИКАО) African Air Tariff Conference
    Африканская конференция по авиационным тарифам
    aids to air navigation
    навигационные средства
    air agency
    авиационное агентство
    air agreement
    авиационное соглашение
    air alert warning
    сигнализация аварийной обстановки в полете
    air base
    база для обслуживания полетов
    air base group
    бригада наземного обслуживания
    air bearing
    воздушная опора
    air bearing gyroscope
    гироскоп с воздушной опорой осей
    air bill
    полетный лист
    air blast
    воздушная ударная волна
    air bleed
    отбор воздуха
    air bleed hole
    окно отбора воздуха
    air bleed port
    отверстие отбора воздуха
    air bleed system
    система отбора воздуха
    (от компрессора) air borne system
    бортовая система
    air bottle cart
    тележка с баллонами сжатого воздуха
    air brake system
    система воздушных тормозов
    air bridge
    телескопический трап
    air cargo
    груз для воздушной перевозки
    air carriage
    воздушная перевозка
    air carriage contract
    контракт на воздушную перевозку
    air carrier
    воздушный перевозчик
    air carrier tariff
    тарифная ставка, установленная авиаперевозчиком
    Air Carrier Tariffs Section
    Секция тарифов воздушных перевозчиков
    (ИКАО) air charging connection
    штуцер зарядки воздухом
    air charter carrier
    чартерный авиаперевозчик
    air circulation
    циркуляция воздуха
    air clutter
    помехи от авиационных средств связи
    air codes
    воздушный кодекс
    air collector
    воздушный коллектор
    air commerce
    авиационная коммерческая деятельность
    air communication
    воздушное сообщение
    air communication center
    центр обеспечения воздушной связи
    air communicator
    оператор авиационной связи
    air compass swinging
    списание девиации компаса в полете
    air conditioning
    кондиционирование воздуха
    air conditioning system
    система кондиционирования воздуха
    (в кабине воздушного судна) air conflict search
    исследование конфликтной ситуации в воздушном движении
    air control
    диспетчерское обслуживание воздушного пространства
    air conveyance
    воздушная перевозка
    air cooler
    воздушный радиатор
    air cooling
    воздушное охлаждение
    air cooling system
    система воздушного охлаждения
    air corridor
    воздушный коридор
    air crash
    авиационное происшествие
    air cushion
    воздушная подушка
    air cushion effect
    эффект воздушной подушки
    air damper
    пневматический амортизатор
    air data
    данные о результатах испытания в воздухе
    air data computer
    вычислитель воздушных сигналов
    air data computer system
    система сбора воздушных сигналов
    air deficiency
    недостаток воздуха
    air delivery pipe
    воздуховод
    air density
    плотность воздуха
    air diluter
    автомат подсоса воздуха
    air display
    экран изображения воздушной обстановки
    air distortion
    возмущение воздушного потока
    air distress communication
    аварийная связь с воздушным судном
    air drag
    сопротивление воздуха
    air eddy
    завихрение воздуха
    air entity
    авиационная организация
    air fare
    тариф на воздушную перевозку пассажира
    air feeder
    патрубок подвода воздуха
    air ferry route
    маршрут перегонки воздушных судов
    air filter
    воздушный фильтр
    air flap
    воздушная заслонка
    air fleet
    воздушный флот
    air flow
    воздушный поток
    air flow characteristic
    характеристика расхода воздуха
    air flow duct
    воздушный тракт
    air flow interaction
    взаимодействие воздушных потоков
    air flow mixer
    смеситель потоков воздуха
    air flow rate
    степень расхода воздуха
    air freight
    авиационный груз
    air freight bill
    грузовая авианакладная
    air freighter
    грузовое воздушное судно
    air freight forwarder
    агентство по отправке грузов воздушным транспортом
    air freight lift
    перевозка грузов по воздуху
    air freight terminal
    грузовой комплекс аэропорта
    air gate
    воздушные ворота
    air grill
    решетка для забора воздуха
    air gust
    порыв воздушной массы
    air heater
    обогреватель воздуха
    air humidifying system
    система увлажнения воздуха
    air induction system
    система забора воздуха
    air industry
    авиационная промышленность
    air inlet
    бортовой приемник статического давления
    air inlet duct
    входное устройство
    air inlet screen
    сетчатый фильтр воздухоприемника
    air inlet section
    входное воздушное устройство
    (двигателя) air intake
    воздухозаборник
    air intake blade
    заглушка воздухозаборника
    air intake diffuser
    диффузор воздухозаборника
    air intake duct
    канал воздухозаборника
    air intake duct heating
    обогрев канала воздухозаборника
    air intake fixed lip
    нерегулируемая кромка воздухозаборника
    air intake hazard area
    опасная зона перед воздухозаборником
    air intake heater
    обогреватель воздухозаборника
    air intake pressure
    давление на входе в воздухозаборник
    air intake spike
    конус воздухозаборника
    (двигателя) air intake spike control
    управление конусом воздухозаборником
    air intake surge
    помпаж в воздухозаборнике
    air intake throat
    минимальное проходное сечение воздухозаборника
    air intake wedge
    клин воздухозаборника
    air intrusion
    нарушение воздушного пространства
    air labyrinth seal ring
    кольцо воздушного лабиринтного уплотнения
    air lane
    воздушная трасса
    air law
    воздушное право
    Air laws regulations
    Воздушный кодекс
    air leg
    участок маршрута полета
    air legislation
    авиационное законодательство
    air line
    воздушная линия
    Air Line Pilot's
    Ассоциация пилотов гражданской авиации
    air lock
    воздушная пробка
    air loitering
    воздушное барражирование
    air mail
    воздушная почта
    air manifold
    воздушный коллектор
    air manifold pipe
    воздушный коллектор
    air marker
    аэронавигационный маркер
    air mass
    воздушная масса
    air medicine
    авиационная медицина
    air meter
    расходомер воздуха
    air miss
    сближение в полете
    air mixture control
    регулирование топливовоздушной смеси
    air movement
    воздушная перевозка
    air navigation
    аэронавигация
    air navigation agreement
    аэронавигационное соглашение
    Air Navigation Bureau
    Аэронавигационное управление
    air navigation charge
    аэронавигационный сбор
    air navigation chart
    аэронавигационная карта
    Air Navigation Commission
    Аэронавигационная комиссия
    Air Navigation Committee
    Аэронавигационный комитет
    air navigation computer
    аэронавигационный вычислитель
    Air Navigation Conference
    Аэронавигационная конференция
    air navigation facilities
    аэронавигационные средства
    air navigation plan
    аэронавигационный план
    air navigation protractor
    аэронавигационный транспортир
    air navigation region
    район аэронавигации
    air navigation school
    штурманская школа
    air navigation service
    аэронавигационное обслуживание
    air navigation table
    таблица аэронавигационных расчетов
    air navigator
    штурман
    air observation
    наблюдение за воздушным пространством
    air obstacle
    препятствие на пути полета
    air operation for hire
    воздушная перевозка по найму
    air operation for remuneration
    воздушная перевозка за плату
    Air Passenger Tariff
    сборник пассажирских тарифов на воздушную перевозку
    air path
    воздушная трасса
    air patrol zone
    зона воздушного барражирования
    air patter
    авиационная фразеология
    air pilotage
    самолетовождение
    air piracy
    воздушное пиратство
    air plan
    план развития воздушных перевозок
    air plot
    схема воздушной обстановки
    air pocket
    воздушная яма
    air pollution
    загрязнение атмосферы
    air position
    положение в воздушном пространстве
    air position indicator
    указатель местоположения в полете
    air pressure
    давление воздуха
    air pressure valve
    воздушный редуктор
    air pressurization system
    система наддува
    (кабины) air priority
    очередность полетов
    air refuelling
    дозаправка топливом в полете
    air release hose
    шланг для стравливания воздуха
    air report
    донесение с борта
    air rescue kit
    комплект аварийно-спасательного оборудования
    air rote limitations
    ограничения на воздушных трассах
    air route
    воздушная трасса
    air route chart
    маршрутная карта
    air route forecast
    прогноз по маршруту
    air route network
    сеть воздушных трасс
    air safety
    безопасность воздушного движения
    air safety rules
    инструкция по обеспечению безопасности полетов
    air seal
    воздушное уплотнение
    air search
    поиск с воздуха
    air service
    авиаперевозки
    air sextant
    авиационный секстант
    air show
    авиационная выставка
    air shuttle
    челночные авиаперевозки
    air side
    воздушная зона
    air situation
    воздушная обстановка
    air situation display
    дисплей индикации воздушной обстановки
    air sounding
    зондирование атмосферы
    air spacing
    распределение воздушного пространства
    (для обеспечения контроля полетов) air stability
    устойчивость воздушной массы
    air stairs
    авиационный трап
    air starter
    воздушный стартер
    air starting
    запуск в воздухе
    air starting system
    воздушная система запуска двигателей
    air strip
    ВПП
    air supremacy
    господство в воздухе
    air surveillance system
    система воздушного наблюдения
    air survey
    наблюдение с воздуха
    air target
    воздушная цель
    air target indication
    индикация воздушных целей
    air tariff clause
    статья об авиационных тарифах
    air taxi
    воздушное такси
    air taxiing
    руление по воздуху
    air ticket portion
    купон авиационного билета
    air tire
    пневматическая шина
    air track
    воздушная трасса
    air traffic
    воздушное движение
    air traffic audio simulation system
    аудиовизуальная система имитации воздушного движения
    (для тренажеров) air traffic control
    1. ответчик системы УВД
    2. управление воздушным движением Air Traffic Control Advisory Committee
    Консультативный комитет по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic control area
    зона управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control boundary
    граница зоны управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control center
    диспетчерский центр управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control clearance
    разрешение службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic controller
    диспетчер службы управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control loop
    цикл управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control procedures
    правила управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control radar
    радиолокатор управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control routing
    прокладка маршрута полета согласно указанию службы управления движением
    air traffic control service
    служба управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control system
    система управления воздушным движением
    air traffic control unit
    пункт управления воздушным движением
    air traffic convention
    конвенция по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic density
    плотность воздушного движения
    air traffic environment
    условия выполнения воздушных перевозок
    air traffic flow management
    управление потоком воздушного движения
    air traffic guide
    наставление по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic hub
    узловой район воздушного движения
    air traffic pattern
    схема воздушного движения
    air traffic performance
    объем воздушных перевозок
    air traffic procedures
    правила воздушного движения
    air traffic school
    школа подготовки специалистов по управлению воздушным движением
    air traffic service
    служба воздушного движения
    air traffic service chart
    схема обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic service route
    маршрут, обслуживаемый службой воздушного движения
    air traffic services expert
    эксперт по обслуживанию воздушного движения
    air traffic services procedures
    правила обслуживания воздушного движения
    air traffic services unit
    пункт обслуживания воздушного движения
    air transport
    воздушный транспорт
    air Transport
    Ассоциация воздушного транспорта США
    air transport agreement
    соглашение о воздушном сообщении
    Air Transportation Board
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    Air Transport Bureau
    Авиатранспортное управление
    Air Transport Committee
    Комитет по воздушным перевозкам
    air transport enterprise
    авиатранспортное предприятие
    air transport facilitation
    уменьшение ограничений в воздушных перевозках
    air transport insurance
    страхование авиаперевозок
    air transport movement table
    график движения воздушного транспорта
    air transport operations
    авиатранспортные перевозки
    air transport pilot
    свидетельство пилота транспортной авиации
    air transport service
    авиаперевозки
    Air Transport Studies Section
    Секция исследования воздушного транспорта
    (ИКАО) air transport wing
    авиатранспортное подразделение
    air travel
    воздушное путешествие
    air travel card
    маршрутный лист воздушного путешествия
    air travel plan
    график воздушного путешествия
    air trial
    испытание в воздухе
    air trip
    воздушное путешествие
    air turbine
    воздушная турбина
    air turbulence
    воздушная турбулентность
    air unit
    авиационное подразделение
    air unworthiness
    непригодность к летной эксплуатации
    air valve
    воздушный клапан
    air velocity
    скорость движения воздушной массы
    air wave
    воздушная волна
    air waybill
    авиагрузовая накладная
    airways and air communications service
    служба воздушных сообщений
    alternate air route
    запасной маршрут полета
    ambient air
    окружающий воздух
    ambient air temperature
    температура окружающего воздуха
    annular air intake
    кольцевой воздухозаборник
    ascending air
    восходящий поток воздуха
    ball-type air outlet
    насадок шарового типа индивидуальной вентиляции
    bearing air seal
    воздушное уплотнение опоры
    bifurcated air bypass duct
    раздвоенный воздушный тракт
    bifurcated air intake
    воздухозаборник, раздвоенный на выходе
    bird strike to an air craft
    столкновение птиц с воздушным судном
    bleed air
    стравливать воздушную пробку
    bleed air receiver
    ресивер отбора воздуха
    bleed off air
    перепускать воздух
    boundary-layer air
    воздух в пограничном слое
    breather air
    воздух суфлирования
    bring to rest air
    затормаживать воздушный поток
    center of air pressure
    центр аэродинамического давления
    Central Agency of Air Service
    Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
    certificated air carrier
    зарегистрированный авиаперевозчик
    civil air operations
    полеты гражданских воздушных судов
    civil air regulations
    руководство по полетам воздушных судов гражданской авиации
    civil air transport
    гражданский воздушный транспорт
    clear air turbulence
    турбулентность в атмосфере без облаков
    cold air
    холодный фронт воздуха
    commercial air carrier
    коммерческий авиаперевозчик
    commercial air transport
    коммерческий воздушный транспорт
    commercial air transportation
    коммерческая воздушная перевозка
    commercial air transport operations
    коммерческие воздушные перевозки
    commuter air carrier
    авиаперевозчик на короткие расстояния
    compressor air flow duct
    второй контур
    compressor-bleed air
    воздух, отбираемый от компрессора
    conditioned air emergency valve
    аварийный клапан сброса давления в системе кондиционирования
    continuous air bleed
    постоянный отбор воздуха
    cooling air outlet tube
    патрубок отвода охлаждающего воздуха
    dead air
    невозмущенный воздух
    determine air in a system
    устанавливать наличие воздушной пробки в системе
    discharge air overboard
    отводить воздух в атмосферу
    dominant air mode
    основной режим воздушного пространства
    duct air temperature
    температура воздуха в трубопроводе
    earth air strip
    грунтовая ВПП
    effective air path
    действующая воздушная трасса
    enforce rules of the air
    обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
    engine air bleed flange
    фланец отбора воздуха от двигателя
    European Air carries Assembly
    Ассамблея европейских авиаперевозчиков
    European Air Navigation Planning Group
    Европейская группа аэронавигационного планирования
    first freedom of the air
    первая степень свободы воздуха
    fixed-geometry air intake
    нерегулируемый воздухозаборник
    fixed-lip air intake
    воздухозаборник с фиксированной передней кромкой
    flame tube air hole
    окно подвода воздуха к жаровой трубе
    flow of air traffic
    поток воздушного движения
    forced air cooling
    принудительное охлаждение
    freedom of the air
    степень свободы воздуха
    gain the air supremacy
    завоевывать господство в воздухе
    General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
    Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
    generator air inlet
    воздухозаборник обдува генератора
    ground air starting unit
    аэродромная установка для запуска
    high density air traffic
    интенсивное воздушное движение
    identify the aerodrome from the air
    опознавать аэродром с воздуха
    indicate the location from the air
    определять местоположение с воздуха
    intermodal air carriage
    смешанная воздушная перевозка
    International Air Carrier
    Международная ассоциация авиаперевозчиков
    international air route
    международная авиационная трасса
    International Air Transport
    Международная ассоциация воздушного транспорта
    International commission for Air Navigation
    Международная комиссия по аэронавигации
    International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
    International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
    Международная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеров
    intersection of air routes
    пересечение воздушных трасс
    light air
    разреженный воздух
    long-range air navigation system
    система дальней радионавигации
    low air area
    нижнее воздушное пространство
    low air route
    маршрут нижнего воздушного пространства
    main air
    воздух, проходящий через первый контур
    maintenance-free air bearing
    износостойкий воздушный подшипник
    mass air flow
    массовый расход воздуха
    mid air collision control
    предупреждение столкновений в воздухе
    mixing air
    смесительный воздух
    multishock air intake
    многоскачковый воздухозаборник
    National Air Carrier
    Ассоциация воздушных перевозчиков
    normal air
    стандартная атмосфера
    nose air intake
    носовой воздухозаборник
    open air
    наружный воздух
    outside air temperature
    температура наружного воздуха
    outside air temperature indicator
    указатель температуры наружного воздуха
    overflow air traffic
    перегружать воздушное движение
    pipeline to air intake
    трубопровод подвода воздуха к воздухозаборнику
    practical air navigation
    практическая аэронавигация
    private air strip
    частная ВПП
    Procedures for Air Navigation Services
    Правила аэронавигационного обслуживания
    prognostic upper air chart
    карта прогнозов состояния верхних слоев атмосферы
    ram air
    заторможенный поток воздуха
    ram air assembly
    заборник воздуха для надува топливных баков от скоростного напора
    ram air cooling
    охлаждение набегающим потоком воздуха
    ram air temperature
    температура набегающего потока воздуха
    rarefied air
    разреженный воздух
    regional air navigation
    региональная аэронавигация
    regional air navigation meeting
    региональное аэронавигационное совещание
    (ИКАО) release air
    стравливать давление воздуха
    retractable air steps
    выдвижная бортовая лестница
    rough air
    воздух в турбулентном состоянии
    rough air mechanism
    механизм для создания условий полета в нестабильной атмосфере
    route air navigation facilities
    маршрутные аэронавигационные средства
    rules of the air
    правила полетов
    scheduled air service
    регулярные воздушные перевозки
    sealing air annulus
    кольцевой канал подвода воздуха к лабиринтному управления
    sealing air passage
    канал подвода воздуха к лабиринтному уплотнению
    second freedom of the air
    вторая степень свободы воздуха
    shipment by air
    транспортировка по воздуху
    stable air
    устойчивый воздушный поток
    standard air
    стандартная атмосфера
    static air temperature
    температура возмущенной воздушной массы
    still air
    нулевой ветер
    tactical air navigation
    тактическая аэронавигация
    tactical air navigation facilities
    тактические аэронавигационные средства
    tactical air navigation system
    система ближней аэронавигации
    tap air from the compressor
    отбирать воздух от компрессора
    throttle air
    воздушный дроссель
    through air service
    прямое воздушное сообщение
    time in the air
    налет часов
    total air temperature
    полная температура потока
    two-dimensional air intake
    двухмерный воздухозаборник
    two-shock air intake
    двухскачковый воздухозаборник
    undisturbed air
    невозмущенная атмосфера
    unifired air cargo tariff
    единая авиационная грузовая тарифная ставка
    unifired air passenger tariff
    единая авиационная пассажирская тарифная ставка
    universal air travel plan
    программа организации авиационных путешествий
    upper air
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    upper air area
    верхнее воздушное пространство
    upper air route
    маршрут верхнего воздушного пространства
    upper air temperature
    температура верхних слоев атмосферы
    variable lip air intake
    воздухозаборник с регулируемой передней кромкой
    vent air
    дренажировать
    vent air inlet
    воздухозаборник
    ventilating air outlet
    насадок индивидуальной вентиляции

    English-Russian aviation dictionary > air

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